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Mechanisms Of Disease > Cellular Adaptations > Flashcards

Cellular Adaptations Flashcards

1
Q

What mechanisms do growth factors affect?

A 
Cell proliferation and inhibition 
Locomotion 
Contractility 
Differentiation 
Viability 
Angiogenesis
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2
Q

How does increased growth occur?

A

Shortening of the cell cycle

Conversion of quiescent cells into proliferating cells

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3
Q

Where are the 3 important cell cycle check points?

A

Restriction point check
Check before DNA replication
Check after DNA replication

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4
Q

What is the restriction point?

A

Cell cycle check point towards the end of G1
Most critical checkpoint
Most altered checkpoint in cancer cells

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5
Q

What 2 substances exert the most control over the cell cycle?

A

Cyclins

CDKs (cyclic dependent kinases)

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6
Q

What is asymmetric replication of stem cells?

A

One daughter cell remains a stem cells whilst the other differentiates into a mature cell

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7
Q

Name the 5 important types of cellular adaptation

A 
Regeneration
Hyperplasia
Hypertrophy
Atrophy 
Metaplasia
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8
Q

Define regeneration

A

The replacement of cell losses by identical cells to maintain tissue or organ size

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9
Q

Do tendons have a good capacity to regenerate?

A

No

They heal slowly as they have a poor blood supply.

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10
Q

What is a traumatic neuroma?

A

Nerve cells in the PNS have been damaged and the axons regenerate but lose their way causing pain.

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11
Q

What is the Hayflick number?

A

The number of times a cell can regenerate - proportional to the maximum life capacity of the species
(61.3 in humans)

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12
Q

Which genes regulate normal cell proliferation?

A

Proto-oncogenes

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13
Q

Define reconstitution

A

Replacement of a lost part of the body

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14
Q

Define hyperplasia

A

Increase in tissue or organ size due to increased cell numbers

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15
Q

Name 2 physiological examples of hyperplasia

A

Endometrium under the influence of oestrogen

Bone marrow in response to hypoxia (RBC production)

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16
Q

Name 2 pathological examples of hyperplasia

A

Eczema

Thyroid goitre

17
Q

Define hypertrophy

A

Increase in tissue or organ size due to increased cell size

18
Q

What is hypertrophy usually caused by?

A

Increased functional demand or hormonal stimulation.

19
Q

Give 2 examples of physiological hypertrophy

A 
Skeletal muscle (body building) 
Smooth muscle in pregnant uterus
20
Q

Give 2 examples of pathological hypertrophy

A

Right/left ventricular hypertrophy

Enlarged prostate gland in older men

21
Q

Define atrophy

A

Shrinkage of a tissue or organ due to an acquired decreased in size and/or number of cells

22
Q

Give a physiological example of atrophy

A

Ovarian atrophy in post-menopausal women

23
Q

Give 2 examples of pathological atrophy

A

Muscle atrophy of disuse

Denervation atrophy

24
Q

Define metaplasia

A

Reversible change of one differentiated cell type to another

25
Q

What metaplasia occurs in smoking?

A

Bronchi:

Pseudostratified ciliated epithelium changes to stratified squamous

26
Q

What metaplasia occurs in Barrett’s oesophagus?

A

Stratified squamous changes to glandular columnar epithelium

27
Q

Define hypoplasia

A

Underdevelopment or incomplete development of a tissue or organ at the embryonic stage

28
Q

Define aplasia

A

Complete failure of a specific tissue or organ to develop at the embryonic stage
OR
An organ whose cells have ceased to proliferative

29
Q

Define involution

A

Normal, programmed shrinkage to an organ (overlaps with atrophy)

30
Q

Give 2 examples of involution

A

Uterus after childbirth

Thymus in early life

31
Q

Define atresia

A

The lack of orifice where there should be one

32
Q

Define dysplasia

A

Abnormal maturation of cells within a tissue

33
Q

Define hyperkeratosis

A

Increase in the thickness of the stratum corneum

34
Q

Define parakeratosis

A

Retention of nuclei in the stratum corneum

35
Q

What is myositis ossificans?

A

Inflammation and ossification of the muscle

36
Q

Which cells does PDGF encourage to undergo division?

A

Fibroblasts
Smooth muscle cells
Glial cells

37
Q

Which cells are granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils

38
Q

Define spongiosis

A

Intercellular oedema in the epidermis

Mechanisms Of Disease (11 decks)

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