Cellular Adaptations Flashcards

1
Q

What mechanisms do growth factors affect?

A
Cell proliferation and inhibition 
Locomotion 
Contractility 
Differentiation 
Viability 
Angiogenesis
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2
Q

How does increased growth occur?

A

Shortening of the cell cycle

Conversion of quiescent cells into proliferating cells

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3
Q

Where are the 3 important cell cycle check points?

A

Restriction point check
Check before DNA replication
Check after DNA replication

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4
Q

What is the restriction point?

A

Cell cycle check point towards the end of G1
Most critical checkpoint
Most altered checkpoint in cancer cells

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5
Q

What 2 substances exert the most control over the cell cycle?

A

Cyclins

CDKs (cyclic dependent kinases)

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6
Q

What is asymmetric replication of stem cells?

A

One daughter cell remains a stem cells whilst the other differentiates into a mature cell

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7
Q

Name the 5 important types of cellular adaptation

A
Regeneration
Hyperplasia
Hypertrophy
Atrophy 
Metaplasia
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8
Q

Define regeneration

A

The replacement of cell losses by identical cells to maintain tissue or organ size

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9
Q

Do tendons have a good capacity to regenerate?

A

No

They heal slowly as they have a poor blood supply.

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10
Q

What is a traumatic neuroma?

A

Nerve cells in the PNS have been damaged and the axons regenerate but lose their way causing pain.

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11
Q

What is the Hayflick number?

A

The number of times a cell can regenerate - proportional to the maximum life capacity of the species
(61.3 in humans)

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12
Q

Which genes regulate normal cell proliferation?

A

Proto-oncogenes

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13
Q

Define reconstitution

A

Replacement of a lost part of the body

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14
Q

Define hyperplasia

A

Increase in tissue or organ size due to increased cell numbers

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15
Q

Name 2 physiological examples of hyperplasia

A

Endometrium under the influence of oestrogen

Bone marrow in response to hypoxia (RBC production)

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16
Q

Name 2 pathological examples of hyperplasia

A

Eczema

Thyroid goitre

17
Q

Define hypertrophy

A

Increase in tissue or organ size due to increased cell size

18
Q

What is hypertrophy usually caused by?

A

Increased functional demand or hormonal stimulation.

19
Q

Give 2 examples of physiological hypertrophy

A
Skeletal muscle (body building) 
Smooth muscle in pregnant uterus
20
Q

Give 2 examples of pathological hypertrophy

A

Right/left ventricular hypertrophy

Enlarged prostate gland in older men

21
Q

Define atrophy

A

Shrinkage of a tissue or organ due to an acquired decreased in size and/or number of cells

22
Q

Give a physiological example of atrophy

A

Ovarian atrophy in post-menopausal women

23
Q

Give 2 examples of pathological atrophy

A

Muscle atrophy of disuse

Denervation atrophy

24
Q

Define metaplasia

A

Reversible change of one differentiated cell type to another

25
What metaplasia occurs in smoking?
Bronchi: | Pseudostratified ciliated epithelium changes to stratified squamous
26
What metaplasia occurs in Barrett's oesophagus?
Stratified squamous changes to glandular columnar epithelium
27
Define hypoplasia
Underdevelopment or incomplete development of a tissue or organ at the embryonic stage
28
Define aplasia
Complete failure of a specific tissue or organ to develop at the embryonic stage OR An organ whose cells have ceased to proliferative
29
Define involution
Normal, programmed shrinkage to an organ (overlaps with atrophy)
30
Give 2 examples of involution
Uterus after childbirth | Thymus in early life
31
Define atresia
The lack of orifice where there should be one
32
Define dysplasia
Abnormal maturation of cells within a tissue
33
Define hyperkeratosis
Increase in the thickness of the stratum corneum
34
Define parakeratosis
Retention of nuclei in the stratum corneum
35
What is myositis ossificans?
Inflammation and ossification of the muscle
36
Which cells does PDGF encourage to undergo division?
Fibroblasts Smooth muscle cells Glial cells
37
Which cells are granulocytes?
Neutrophils Basophils Eosinophils
38
Define spongiosis
Intercellular oedema in the epidermis