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Mechanisms Of Disease > Cell Injury > Flashcards

Cell Injury Flashcards

1
Q

Define hypoxaemic hypoxia

A

Arterial content of oxygen is low

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2
Q

What could cause hypoxaemic hypoxia?

A

Reduced inspired partial pressure of oxygen at high altitude

Reduced absorption secondary to lung disease

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3
Q

Define anaemic hypoxia

A

Decreased ability of haemoglobin to carry oxygen

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4
Q

Define ischaemic hypoxia

A

Interruption to blood supply

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5
Q

Define histiocytic hypoxia

A

Inability to utilise oxygen in cells due to disabled oxidative phosphorylation enzymes

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6
Q

What are the main targets in cell damage?

A

Cell membranes
Nucleus
Proteins
Mitochondria

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7
Q

What is the pathogenesis of cell injury due to hypoxia?

A

Decreased oxidative phosphorylation, decreased ATP
Detachment of ribosomes
Na+-K+ pump disabled
Influx of calcium, water and Na+, efflux of K+
Leads to swelling, loss of microvilli, blebbing, ER swelling and myelin figures
Increased anaerobic respiration - decreased pH, chromatin clumping

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8
Q

What kinds of enzymes are activated by increased intracellular calcium?

A

ATPases
Phospholipase S
Proteases
Endonucleases

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9
Q

What are the 3 ways of generating hydroxyl ions?

A

Directly by radiation lysis of water
Fenton reaction (Fe2+)
Haber-Weiss reaction

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10
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation can yield which ROS?

A

Superoxide

Hydrogen peroxide

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11
Q

Which 2 enzymes act as antioxidants?

A

Superoxide dismutase

Catalase

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12
Q

What are the causes of ischaemic reperfusion injury?

A

Increased production of free radicals
Increased number of neutrophils - more inflammation and injury
Delivery of complement proteins and activation of the complement pathway

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13
Q

What are heat shock proteins?

A

Proteins that aim to mend misfolded proteins and maintain cell viability

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14
Q

Define pyknosis

A

Irreversible condensation of chromatin

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15
Q

Define karyorrhexis

A

Destructive fragmentation of the nucleus

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16
Q

Define karyolysis

A

The complete dissolution of chromatin due to endonucleases

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17
Q

Which cell injury changes are reversible?

A 
Blebs
General swelling
Chromatin clumping
ER swelling 
Detachment of ribosomes
Mitochondrial swelling
18
Q

Which cell injury changes are irreversible?

A 
Defects in cell membranes
Myelin figures
Lysis of ER
Rupture of lysosomes
Pyknosis
Karyorrhexis 
Karyolysis
19
Q

Define necrosis

A

The morphological changes in a living organism that occur after a cell has been dead sometime.

20
Q

What are the 2 main types of necrosis?

A

Coagulative

Liquefactive

21
Q

What are the 2 special types of necrosis?

A

Caseous

Fat

22
Q

Describe the features of coagulative necrosis

A 
Denaturation of proteins dominates
Ghost outlines
Increased pink staining
Many nuclei disappear
Inflammation
23
Q

Describe the features of liquefactive necrosis

A

Enzyme lysis of proteins dominates
Lots of neutrophils - pus
Lack of collagenous matrix present
Lots of swelling and inflammation

24
Q

Describe the features of caseous necrosis

A

Contains structureless debris
No ghost outlines
Associated with infections (especially TB)

25
Q

Describe the features of fat necrosis

A

Usually in abdomen but also in breast
Forms chalky deposits/calcium salts with tissue
Can be seen on X-rays
Result of pancreatitis (lipase release) or direct trauma to adipose tissue

26
Q

What are the 2 types of gangrene and what defines them?

A

Dry - exposure to air

Wet - infection forming

27
Q

What is gas gangrene?

A

A type of wet gangrene where anaerobic bacteria get under the skin and create bubbles of gas.

28
Q

What does the degree of injury depend on?

A

Type of injury
Severity of injury
Type of tissue

29
Q

The consequences of infarcts depends on …

A

Alternative blood supply
Speed of ischaemia
Tissue involved
Oxygen content of blood

30
Q

If muscle is damaged, what is release and how do we know?

A

Myoglobin

Urine will be brown

31
Q

What are the 3 phases of apoptosis?

A

Initiation, Execution and Degradation

32
Q

Describe the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis

A

DNA damage leads to p53 activation
Increases mitochondrial permeability
Apoptosome generated
Cascade initiated

33
Q

Describe the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis

A

Ligands bind to receptors on the cell surface to activated a cascade in the cell.
(Eg. TRAIL activates caspase-8)

34
Q

Which molecules make up the apoptosome?

A

Cytochrome C
APAF 1
Caspase 9

35
Q

What is the function of Bcl-2?

A

Prevents cytochrome C release from mitochondria so prevents apoptosis.

36
Q

What is haemosiderin?

A

An iron storage molecule that forms when there is excess iron due to haemorrhage.

37
Q

What occurs in haemosiderosis?

A

Deposition of iron throughout many organs

38
Q

What happens in hereditary haemochromatosis?

A

Iron deposited in endocrine organs, associated with scarring and can lead to diabetes.

39
Q

Which types of hepatitis are transmitted orally?

A

A

E

40
Q

Which types of hepatitis are transmitted in blood?

A

B

C

Mechanisms Of Disease (11 decks)

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