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Mechanisms Of Disease > Acute Inflammation > Flashcards

Acute Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the clinical signs of acute inflammation?

A 
Rubor
Tumor 
Dolor
Calor 
And loss of function
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2
Q

What are the causes of acute inflammation?

A 
Microbial infections
Hypersensitivity reactions
Physical agents
Chemicals 
Tissue necrosis
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3
Q

What happens to blood flow in acute inflammation?

A

Transient vasoconstriction (to prevent blood loss)
Vasodilation of arterioles then capillaries (increased flow)
Increased permeability of vessel wall (exudation of fluid, slows flow)
Stasis (increased viscosity of blood)

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4
Q

Which cells release histamine?

A

Mast cells
Basophils
Platelets

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5
Q

What are the effects of histamine?

A

Vascular dilatation
Transient increase in vascular permeability
Pain

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6
Q

What are the mechanisms of vascular leakage?

A 
Endothelial contraction
Cytoskeletal reorganisation 
Direct injury 
Leukocyte dependent injury (ROS and enzymes)  
Increased transcytosis
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7
Q

What are the steps of neutrophil infiltration?

A

Margination
Rolling
Adhesion
Emigration

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8
Q

Define diapedesis

A

Change in cell shape to move through a vessel wall

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9
Q

What are the 3 steps of phagocytosis?

A

Contact
Recognition
Internalisation

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10
Q

Which opsonins facilitate phagocytosis?

A

Fc and C3b

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11
Q

What is the oxygen dependent killing mechanism?

A

Oxidative burst of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide

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12
Q

What is the oxygen independent killing mechanism?

A

Lysozyme and hydrolases released

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13
Q

Which mediators increase blood flow?

A

Histamine

Prostaglandins

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14
Q

Which mediators control vascular permeability?

A

Histamine

Leukotrienes

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15
Q

Which mediators initiate neutrophil chemotaxis?

A

C5a
LTB4
Bacterial peptides

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16
Q

Which mediator is most responsible for control of phagocytosis?

A

C3b

17
Q

Why does exudation of fluid occur?

A

Deliver plasma proteins to area of injury
Dilute toxins
Increase lymphatic drainage

18
Q

What are the local complications of acute inflammation?

A

Swelling (blockage of tubes)
Exudate (compression)
Loss of fluid
Pain and loss of function

19
Q

What are the systemic complications of acute inflammation?

A

Fever (due to endogenous pyrogens and prostaglandins)
Leukocytosis
Acute phase response
Acute phase proteins

20
Q

Describe acute phase response

A

Decreased appetite
Raised pulse rate
Altered sleep patterns

21
Q

Name the acute phase proteins?

A 
C reactive protein
Alpha 1 anti trypsin
Haptoglobin
Fibrinogen 
Serum amyloid A protein
22
Q

What are the possible end points of acute inflammation?

A

Complete resolution
Continued acute with chronic
Chronic inflammation and fibrous repair
Death

23
Q

Name some signs of lobar pneumonia

A 
Fever
Prostration 
Hypoxaemia 
Dry cough 
Breathlessness
24
Q

Describe an abscess

A

Occur in solid tissues where the inflammatory exudate forces the tissue apart. Under high pressure causing pain and has liquefactive necrosis in the centre.

25
Q

90% of lobar pneumonia is due to which bacteria?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus)

26
Q

Which ages group does lobar pneumonia typically affect?

A

20-50 years

27
Q

What are the 4 stages of lobar pneumonia?

A

Congestion
Red hepatisation
Grey hepatisation
Resolution

28
Q

In acute appendicitis, what is the inflammation often precipitated by?

A

Obstruction due to:
Faecolith
Lymphoid hyperplasia
Tumour

29
Q

What is hydrocephalus?

A

Abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain causing increased intracranial pressure

30
Q

Cholangitis is inflammation of the …

A

Bile ducts

31
Q

What is cholangitis associated with?

A

Inflammatory bowel diseases (especially ulcerative colitis)

32
Q

What are the common signs of cholangitis?

A

Abdominal pain
Jaundice
Fever

Mechanisms Of Disease (11 decks)

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