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LU4 HS 202 E1 > Neoplasia > Flashcards

Neoplasia Flashcards

0
Q

The following are true about neoplasia except
A. Persistence of tumors result from genetic alterations
B. Autonomous, unregulated division
C. Independent from the host in terms of nutrition and blood supply
D. Means “new growth”
E. Tumors are clonal, meaning comes from 1 altered cell

A

C

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1
Q

Provides tumor with structural framework for cells to grow

A

Stroma

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2
Q

What is a desmoplasia?

A

Abundant collagenous stroma derived from parenchymal stimulation

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3
Q

Suffix of benign tumors with a mesenchymal origin

A

-oma except lymphona, melanoma, mesothelioma,seminoma

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4
Q

Benign epithelial neoplasm derived from glands

A

Adenoma

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5
Q

Benign epithelial neoplasm with visible finger-like projections

A

Papilloma

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6
Q

Large, benign cystic masses e.g. of the ovary

A

Cystadenomas

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7
Q

Visible projection above a mucosal surface and projects into the gastric or colonic lumen

A

Polyp

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8
Q

Malignant tumors with mesenchymal origin

A

Sarcoma

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9
Q

Malignant tumors with epithelial origin

A

Carcinoma

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10
Q

What is an undifferentiated malignant tumor?

A

Malignant tumor composed of undifferentiated cells

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11
Q

Differentiate pleomorphic adenoma from teratoma

A

Teratoma - from totipotent cell, cells from more than 1 germ layer origin

Pleomorphic adenoma - diff cell types but from 1 germ cell layer

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12
Q

Differentiate benign from malignant teratoma

A

Benign teratoma has well differentiated cells but malignant teratoma has immature cells

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13
Q

[benign, malignant names] blood vessel tumor

A

Hemangiona, angiosarcoma

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14
Q

[benign, malignant names] lymph vessels

A

Lymphangioma, lymphangiosarcoma

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15
Q

[benign, malignant names] synovium

A

-, synovial sarcoma

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16
Q

[benign, malignant names] mesothelium

A

-, mesothelioma

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17
Q

[benign, malignant names] brain coverings

A

Meningioma, invasive meningioma

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18
Q

[benign, malignant names] hematopoietic cells

A

-,leukemia

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19
Q

[benign, malignant names] lymphoid tissue

A

-,lymphoma

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20
Q

[benign, malignant names] smooth muscle

A

Leiomyoma, leiosarcoma

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21
Q

[benign, malignant names] striated muscle

A

Rhabdomyoma, rhabdomyosarcoma

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22
Q

[benign, malignant names] stratified squamous

A

Squamous cell papilloma, squamous cell carcinoma

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23
Q

[benign, malignant names] basal cells of skin/adnexa

A

-, basal cell carcinoma

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24
Q

[benign, malignant names] epithelial lining of glands or ducts

A

Adenoma/papilloma/cystadenoma, adenocarcinoma/papillary carcinoma/cystadenocarcinoma

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25
Q

[benign, malignant names] respiratory passages

A

Bronchial adenoma/ bronchogenic carcinoma

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26
Q

[benign, malignant names] renal epithelium

A

Renal tubular adenoma, renal cell carcinoma

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27
Q

[benign, malignant names] liver

A

Liver cell adenoma,hepatocellular carcinoma

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28
Q

[benign, malignant names] urinary tract epithelium

A

Transitional cell papilloma, transitional cell carcinoma

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29
Q

[benign, malignant names] placental epithelium

A

Hydatidiform mole, choriocarcinoma

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30
Q

[benign, malignant names] testicular epithelium

A

-,Seminoma/embryonal carcinoma

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31
Q

What is Wilm’s tumor

A

Malignant tumor if renal anlage

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32
Q

Disorganized but benign-looking masses composed of cells indigenous to the particular site

A

Hamartoma

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33
Q

Extent to which neoplastic parenchymal cells resemble normal parenchymal cells

A

Differentiation

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34
Q

Lack of cellular differentiation is referred to as

A

Anaplasia

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35
Q

[Benign vs. Malignant]differentiation and anaplasia

A

Benign: Well differentiated;mitoses scant
Malignant: wide range of differentiation; immature

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36
Q

Hallmarks of malignancy

A
  1. Metastasis

2. Anaplasia

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37
Q

Variation in size and shape characteristic of anaplastic tumors

A

Pleomorphism

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38
Q

Tumor of melanocytes: benign, malignant

A

Nevus, malignant melanoma

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39
Q

Morphologic changes associated with anaplasia

A

Pleomorphism, abnormal nuclear morphology (large nucleus, hyperchromatic abundant chromatin), mitoses, loss of polarity, tumor giant cells, scant stroma, large central areas of necrosis

40
Q

[Define] dysplasia

A

Disordered growth

41
Q

When dysplastic changes are confined by the basement membrane the tumor is considered a preinvasive neoplasm and is referred to as

A

Carcinoma in situ

42
Q

Which of the statements is true
A. Presence of Mitoses microscopically observed indicates malignancy
B. Dysplasia always lead to cancer
C. A transformed cell does not retain functional capability of a normal cell no matter how well differentiated it is
D. The more anaplastic a tumor is, the more likely will it take a specific role
E. NOTA

A

E

43
Q

3 main factors in determining tumor rate of growth

A

Doubling time, fraction of tumor cells in replicative pool, rate at which cells shed or die

44
Q

Portion of cells within the tumor in the replicative pool

A

Growth fraction

45
Q

The following concepts are true about tumor cell kinetics except
A. Fast-growing tumors have high cell turnover, implying that rates of both proliferation and apoptosis are high
B. In chemotherapy, the fraction if cells in the replicative pool does not affect its effectivity
C. For tumor to grow, rate of cell proliferation must exceed rate of cell death
D. NOTA

A

B

46
Q

Explain the principle behind combined modality strategy to fight certain tumors

A

Combined modality - excise tumor first causing surviving cells to join the replicative pool making them susceptible to drug therapy.

47
Q

T/F In general, malignant tumors have a higher growth rate than benign tumors

A

T. Generally, yes, but there some benign tumors grow faster

48
Q

The following are true about leiomyomas except
A. Growth is dependent on estrogen levels
B. Not necessarily excised especially in old, turning menopausal patients since the drop in estrogen levels will cause the leiomyoma to shrink
C. There is rapid growth of leiomyoma during pregnancy
D. AOTA
E. NOTA

A

E

49
Q

True about cancer except
A. Cancers are immortal and have a limitless proliferative capacity
B. Cancer stem cells are rapidly dividing and susceptible to chemotherapeutic drugs
C. Elimination of cancer stem cells are fundamental in trying to cure cancer
D. Cancer stem cells arise from normal stem cells and differentiated cells that acquired the capacity to divide

A

C; however cancer cells espress drug resistant pfactors such as multiple drug resistance-1(MDR-1).

50
Q

Cells that allow a human tumor to grow and maintain itself indefinitely

A

Tumor initiating cells (T-IC)

51
Q

True about benign tumors except
A. Grow as a cohesive expansile mass
B. A fibrous capsule differentiates a benign tumor from the host tissue
C. A well defined cleavage plane is present in all benign tumors.
D. NOTA

A

C; some, like hemangiomas, do not have

52
Q

True about malignant tumors except
A. Infiltration, invasion and destruction accompany malignancy
B. Anaplasia and metastasis are the hallmarks of malignancy
C. No malignant tumor grows inside a fibrous capsule
D. Malignant tumors recognize no anatomical boundaries
E. NOTA

A

C; they are pseudoencapsulated masses

53
Q

All malignant tumors metastasize EXCEPT

A

Gliomas and basal cell carcinoma of the skin

54
Q

Give 3 ways through which cancers may spread

A
  1. Direct seeding of body cavities or surfaces
  2. Lymphatics
  3. Hematogenous spread
55
Q

What is a pseudomyxoma peritonei?

A

Gelatinous neoplastic mass secreted by appendiceal carcinomas that fill the peritoneal cavity

56
Q

Which lymph node will be affected in carcinomas of the breast arising from the upper outer quadrants?

A

Axillary lymph nodes

57
Q

Which lymph node will be affected by breast carcinomas beginning in the inner quadrants?

A

Lymph nodes along internal mammary arteries

58
Q

What may cause enlargement of nodes? Give 2

A

(1) Spread and growth of cancer cells, (2) reactive hyperplasia

59
Q

T/F nodal enlargement proximal to a cancer necessarily mean dissemination of the primary lesion

A

F

60
Q

Hematogenous spread is typical of
A. Sarcoma
B. Carcinoma
C. Neither

A

A

61
Q

T/F arteries are more difficult to be penetrated by malignancies because they have thicker walls than veins

A

T

62
Q

Which 2 organs are commonly involved in hematogenous dissemination (venous)?

A

Lungs (caval), liver (portal)

63
Q

Where does cancers arising in clos proximity to the vertebrae embolizes?

A

Paravertebral plexus

64
Q

T/F the larger and more undifferentiated the primary, the more likely are metastases

A

T

65
Q

Usually a point mutation occurring in a single allele of a tumor suppressor gene; inheritance of a single autosomal dominant mutant gene

A

Autosomal dominant inherited cancer syndromes

66
Q

Example of autosomal dominant inherited cancer syndromes

A

Retinoblastoma - mutant of Rb suppressor gene

Familial adenomatous polypoosis - mutation of APC

67
Q

T/F HNPCC is an example of DNA replication defects

A

T

68
Q

[human cancer site for which reasonable evidence is available] arsenic, arsenic compounds

A

Lung, skin, hemangiosarcoma

69
Q

[human cancer site for which reasonable evidence is available] asbestos

A

Lung, mesothelioma, GI (esophagus, stomach, large intestine)

70
Q

[human cancer site for which reasonable evidence is available] benzene

A

Leukemia, hodgkin lymphoma

71
Q

[human cancer site for which reasonable evidence is available] beryllium, beryllium compounds

A

Lung

72
Q

[human cancer site for which reasonable evidence is available] cadmium and cadmium compounds

A

Prostate

73
Q

[human cancer site for which reasonable evidence is available] chromium

A

Lung

74
Q

[human cancer site for which reasonable evidence is available] nickel compounds

A

Nose, lung

75
Q

[human cancer site for which reasonable evidence is available] radon

A

Lung

76
Q

[human cancer site for which reasonable evidence is available] vinyl chloride

A

Angiosarcoma, liver

77
Q

[inherited predisposition] RB

A

Retinoblastoma

78
Q

[inherited predisposition] p53

A

Li-Fraumeni syndrome

79
Q

[inherited predisposition] p16/INK4A

A

Melanoma

80
Q

[inherited predisposition] APC

A

Familial adenomatous polyposis(colon cancer)

81
Q

[inherited predisposition] NF1,NF2

A

Neurofibromatosis 1,2

82
Q

[inherited predisposition] BRCA1,2

A

Breast and ovarian tumors

83
Q

[inherited predisposition] MEN1, RET

A

Multiple endocrine neoplasia 1,2

84
Q

[inherited predisposition] MSH2, MLH1, MSH6

A

Hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer

85
Q

[inherited predisposition] PTCH

A

Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome

86
Q

[inherited predisposition] PTEN

A

Cowden syndrome (epithelial cancers)

87
Q

[inherited predisposition] LKB1

A

Peutz-Jegher syndrome (epithelial cancers)

88
Q

[inherited predisposition] VHL

A

Renal cell carcinomas

89
Q

Examples of inherited autosomal recessive syndromes of defective DNA repair (4)

A

Xeroderma pigmentosum, ataxia-telangiectasia, bloom syndrome, Fanconi anemia, HNPC

90
Q

[inherited predisposition] enumerate familial cancers

A

Breast, ovarian, pancreatic

91
Q

True about familial cancers EXCEPT

a. Occurs in familial pattern
b. Include early age onset
c. Multiple or bilateral tumors
d. May include carcinomas of colon, breast, ovary and brain, melanomas and lymphomas
e. associated with specific marker phenotypes

A

E

92
Q

People with ulcerative colitis, H. pylori gastritis, viral hepatitis, and chronic pancreatitis are prone to development of cancer. What may be part of the reason?

A

Chronic inflammation which is present in these cases increase the risk cancer development. This is due to compensatory proliferation of cells to repair damage.

93
Q

Give (4) precancerous conditions

A
  1. Chronic atrophic gastritis of pernicious anemia
  2. Solar keratosis of the skin
  3. Chronic ulcerative colitis
  4. Leukoplakia (oral cavity, vulva, penis)
94
Q

The following statements are true EXCEPT

a. Most of precancerous conditions lead to malignant neoplasms
b. benign neoplasias contribute to precancerous conditions
c. Neither a nor b
d. Both a and b

A

A

95
Q

The following statements regarding the molecular basis of cancer are true EXCEPT

a. Nonlethal genetic damages lies at the heart of carcinogenesis
b. a tumor is made up of cells with polyclonal origin
c. Carcinogenesis is a multistep process at both the phenotypic and the genetic levels, resulting from the accumulation of multiple mutations
d. Mutant alleles of proto-oncogenes are considered dominant because they transform cells despite the presence of a normal counterpart

A

B; monoclonal

96
Q

What are proto-oncogenes?

A

Regulatory genes promoting growth

97
Q

What are tumor suppressor genes?

A

Regulatory genes inhibiting growth

98
Q

Which statement is true regarding regulatory genes?

a. Tumor suppressor genes need only 1 allele to be damaged for transformation to happen
b. proto-oncogenes need both alleles to be damaged for them to be transformed
c. Neither a nor b
d. Both a and b

A

C

LU4 HS 202 E1 (6 decks)

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