Neoplasia

Question 1

• Pathologic hypertrophy? Physiologic?
• Pathologic hyperplasia? Physiologic?
• Metaplasia?
• Neoplasia?
• Tumor?
• Benign: Invade? Encapsulated? Cells? Differentiated? Injury due to? Ends with?
• Malignant: Invade? Damage? Differentiation? Epi? Mesenchymal? Hematopoietic?

Answer 1

• Heart hypertension; pregnancy
• Endometrium; mamillary gland
• From one cell type to another
• New formation
• Swelling
• No; Yes; well differentiated/ uniform; compression on adjacent tissue; -oma
• Yes; local and distant; no; carcinoma; sarcoma; lymphoma, leukemia

Question 2

• Dysplasia?
• Low grade?
• High grade?
• Tumor scores? 1-4
• Lymph Scores? 0-2
• Metastasis? 0-1
• Stage 1?
• Stage 2?
  Stage 3?
  Stage 4?

Answer 2

• Disordered growth
• more differentiation, similar to normal
• Decreased differentiation, less resemblance
• 1 = invades submucusa 2 = invades muscularis propia 3 = through muscularis 4 = invades adjacent organs
• 0 = no regional; 1 = 1-3 lymph nodes 2 = 4+
• 0 = none; 1 = distant metastasis
• T1 or T2
• T3 or T4
• T any + N any
• T any + N any + M1

Question 3

• Enivronment causes what % cancer?
• Most common cancers male and female?
• Who lives longer with cancer?
• 4 main carcinogens and source? All activated by? Become?
• Ames test: Determines chemicals ability for what? Placed in dish with? Mutagenic will?
• Animal testing taught us? (4)
• Two step model? Which is reversible? Ex?
• Somatic mutations passed in?
• Germline mutations?

Answer 3

• > 80%
• Prostate, Lung, Breast/Prostate
• women
• Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (smoke); aromatic amines (dyes), nitrosamines (stomach); aflotoxins (in food); CYP450; e- phillic to attack
• produce mutigen; salmonella; grow on agar
• Cancer dose dependent, 1 carcingogen makes 1 type of cancer, takes a while, occurs in stem cells
• 1.) Initiation: Irreversible; carcinogen trigger
  2. ) Promotion: Reversible; ongoing trigger (Smoking)
• germline
• not passed

Question 4

• 3 routes of metastasis? Common type with each?
• Need what to get through basement membrane?
• Metastasis: Definition?
• Often occurs why?
• Common cause of death? (5)
  Cascade:
  1.) Invasion through BM: Down regulation of? What is expressed? What takes place? Help cross BM? 3 types of locomotion?
  2.) Intravasion: Into where? Vulnerable to? (2) Therefore? Used to enter lymph?
  3.) Extravasion: Explained by drainage? Theory? 3 parts?
  4.) Colonization: Tumors that succeed? 4 mechanisms that work?
• Ultimate effect: Direct? Indirect?

Answer 4

• lymph (carcinoms/melanoma; blood sarcomas; cavity pleura, pericardium, peritoneum
• Proteases
• Transfer of malignant cells from 1 site to non connected secondary site
• Cancer cells need more O2 or nutrients
• Infection, organ failure, thrombo, hemmorhage, emaciation
• E-cadherin; ZEB1; Epi to mes transition, MMP’s; collective, ameoboid, mesenchymal
• Blood; pltt and immune; coag together; CD44+
• No; Seed and soil; adhesion molecules match; chemokines are similar, non permissive enviro
• Few; variant clones that are better; gene expression; A+B; microenvironment
• Mass interferes with function; paraneoplastic syndrome from cancer signals