Neoplasia

Question 1

define neoplasia

Answer 1

means new growth. Abnormality of cellular growth may be used interchangeably with the word tumor

Question 2

what is a benign tumor

Answer 2

growth is generally easily cured and does not spread/ They also closely resemble their tissue of origin, grow slower, have little vascularity, not necrotic, and retain function similar to tissue of origin.

Question 3

what is malignant tumor

Answer 3

growth may involve many months of intensive, uncomfortable treatment with uncertain outcomes, can spread, varies from tissue of origin, grows fast, initiate blood vessel growth, necrotic areas, and dysfunctional

Question 4

the term cancer only applies to

Answer 4

malignant neoplasms

Question 5

cancer is associated with

Answer 5

altered expressions of cellular genes that normally regulate cell division and differentiation

Question 6

identify the ways cancer alters expressions of genes

Answer 6

ignore growth-controlling signals from environment, proliferate excessively, and become immortal.

Question 7

what are genes

Answer 7

pieces of DNA inside each cell that tell the cell how to make proteins it needs to function. They contain the code to make proteins and each protein has a specific job

Question 8

what are chromosomes

Answer 8

contain many different genes. We have 23 pairs, 1 chromosome from each pair is from mom and other from dad

Question 9

all cells have same genes but

Answer 9

they are just turned on or off depending on what’s needed

Question 10

what are nucleotides

Answer 10

chemical that contains the codes for each gene. So essentially each gene is made up of a long chain of nucleotides in a specific order that tells the cell how to make a specific protein

Question 11

gene variations or mutations

Answer 11

changes to the nucleotides of a gene

Question 12

what do gene variations do

Answer 12

have different effects on the proteins they code for and thus, cell activity

Question 13

inherited genes

Answer 13

are inherited from parents, present in the very first cell and in every cell of the body, can be passed to the next generations, and are not the main cause of most cancers because it typically takes more than one gene mutation for a cell to become a cancer cell

Question 14

acquired genes

Answer 14

mutation occurs inn one cell and then are passed on to any new cells that come from that cell. this develops at some point in a person’s life and can occur for multiple reasons such as damaged DNA due to radiation or chemical exposure, but mostly occur randomly during cell division

Question 15

cancer is primarily a disorder of

Answer 15

gene expression

Question 16

DNA changes can

Answer 16

create oncogenes or turn off tumor suppressor genes which leads to cancer (although it usually takes multiple changes to become malignant)

Question 17

what is an oncogene

Answer 17

gain-of-function mutation, essentially promote cell proliferation that disrupt cell systems

Question 18

what are tumor suppressor genes

Answer 18

loss-of-function mutations which means they usually inhibit proliferation but if they are messed up they also allow cell proliferation

Question 19

first step of carcinogenesis

Answer 19

initiation-initiative event that inappropriately activate or inactive genes

Question 20

second step of carcinogenesis

Answer 20

promotion-stage where mutant cell stimulated to proliferate

Question 21

step three

Answer 21

progression -stage during the mutant proliferating cells acquire properties that allow malignant behavior

Question 22

what is metastasis

Answer 22

the process whereby cancer cells escape their tissue of origin and initiate new colonies of cancer in distant sites. They usually colonize the lymph node first and move from node to node

Question 23

angiogenesis

Answer 23

tumors cannot enlarge more than 2 mm in diameter unless they grow blood vessels so angiogenesis is the process of forming new blood vessels and usually does not occur until the later stages of cancer

Question 24

what is grading

Answer 24

histological characterizations of the tumor cells (determined by degree of anaplasia)

Question 25

stages

Answer 25

describes the location and pattern of tumor spread that treatment modality is usually based on.

Question 26

TNM staging systems

Answer 26

look at slides