Neoplasia

Question 1

Approximately ….. divisions occur before the earliest clinical symptoms arise,

Answer 1

30

Question 2

Neoplasia is monoclonal, which is the opposite of hyperplasia that is polyclonal. What is the two types of isoforms to determine this?

Answer 2

G6PD
Androgen receptor

Question 3

Clonality B lymphocytes is determined by immunoglobulin light chain phenotype. What is the normal ratio of kappa and lambda chains?

Answer 3

K/L = 3/1

Question 4

What is the most common cause of cancer mortality in adults?

Answer 4

Lung cancer

Question 5

Carsinogenic agents that can cause cancer the most via occupational exposure ?

Answer 5

Vinyl chloride, nickel, chromium, beryllium, silica

Question 6

Which carsinogenic agent is found in smoked foods, therefore causing stomach cancer mainly in Japanese?

Answer 6

Nitrosamines

Question 7

What type of cancers do smoking cause?

Answer 7

Carcinoma of oropharynx, upper esophagus, lung, kidney, bladder, pancreas

Question 8

High risk HPVs?

Answer 8

16, 18, 31, 33

Question 9

p53 is a tumor suppressor gene and in response to DNA damagrepairablee, p53 slow the cell cycle and upregulates the DNA repair enyzmes. If DNA repair is not possible, p53 induce apoptosis, by which mechanism does it occur?

Answer 9

p53 upregulates BAX, which disrupts Bcl2. Cytochrome c leaks from the mitochondria activating apoptosis.

Question 10

Both copies of p53 and Rb must be knocked out for tumor formation. What is it called? And what are the associated diseases if one allel of these tumor suppressor genes is a germline mutation?

Answer 10

Knudson two-hit hypothesis.
P53: Li Fraumeni
Rb: Bilateral Retinoblastoma (osteosarcoma)

Question 11

What is the ımmunohistochemical stain of neuroendocrine tumors?

Answer 11

Chromogranin