Neoplasia Flashcards
Define neoplasia, tumour, malignancy, dysplasia, -in-situ & metastasis/metastasize.
Neoplasia - new abnormal growth
Tumour - abnormal growth or swelling
Malignancy - whether benign or malignant (not cancer or a cancer)
Dysplasia - Not normal, dysfunctional (mutations present, pre-cancerous)
In-situ - A group of abnormal cells that remain in the place where they first formed. They have not broken through the basement membrane.
Metastasis - Ability of cells move to another site
Nomenclature of tumours (construct/deconstruct the name based upon the cell of origin & the nature of the growth). Chondrosarcoma Adenocarcinoma Leiomyosarcoma Cystadenoma Angiogenesis Osteosarcoma
The prefix tells cell of origin: aden, chondro, osteo the suffix tells malignancy, sarc/carc also growth patterns ie cyst, papill ect sarc = malignant connective tissue Carc = malignant epithelial tissue chondro = cartilage Leiomyo = smooth muscle Angiogenesis = blood vessel creation Osteo = bone
Explain the basic risk factors for the development of mutation & tumourgenesis.
An increase in proliferation (hyperplasia and metaplasia)
this increases the chance for mutation and cancer
Epithelial cells are stable and labile and are also the first line of defence for stress
Mutagens can either directly cause damage to cells or indirectly by oxidant production (e.g. UV, alcohol, smoking)
Understand the 8 behavioural changes that occur in cancer cells as a result of multiple mutations.
- Self-sufficiency in growth signals
- evasion of apoptosis
- defects in DNA repair
- Limitless replicative potential
- Insensitivity to growth-inhibitory cells
- Sustained angiogenesis
- ability to invade and metastasize
- Preference for glycolysis even in the presence of oxygen (anaerobic preference - war burg effect)
Understand the main differences between benign & malignant tumours.
Benign non-fatal except for brain Never metastasize encapsulated well-differentiated
Malignant can metastasize infiltrative growth heterogenous poorly or well-differentiation
List the 3 main routes of metastasis & common sites affected.
Blood
lymphatic
Direct seeding
Commons sites include
- lungs
- liver
- brain and bone
Understand the importance of early detection/the significance of metastatic disease.
If a malignant cancer is found before metastasis the prognosis is far superior
it can be completely removed via surgery resulting in a high survivability
if not caught earlier enough it spreads throughout the body and is harder to treat
What is the malignancy of the other cancers
All malignant except for ovarian teratoma and meningioma (CNS)
A malignancy that started in a glandular/secretory epithelial cell.
Adenocarcinoma
A malignancy that started in an endothelial cell.
Hemangiosarcoma
Endothelial is connective tissue
A malignancy that started in an epithelial cell that is growing with finger-like projections.
Papillocarcinoma
A malignancy that started in a fat cell.
Liposarcoma
A malignant tumour that started in a stem cell in the bone marrow, a haematopoietic cell.
Leukeamia
A malignancy that started in glandular epithelial cell and is growing as a collection of fluid-filled sacks.
Cystadenocarninoma
A benign tumour that started in a germ cell within the ovary.
Ovarian terratoma
