Haemodynamics

Question 1

Define congestion, oedema, effusion, transudate.

Answer 1

Congestion: Passive build up of blood in the vessell
Oedema: Fluid in interstitial tissue
Effusion: Fluid in body cavity
Transudate: Low protein oedema (no change in permeability)

Question 2

Blood flow & pressure differences (systemic, pulmonary, venous)

Answer 2

Venous circuit low pressure

Question 3

Compare superficial with deep vein thrombi (DVT).

Answer 3

Superficial: signs and symptoms like, pain ulceration and welling
rarely embolise

Deep: asymptomatic and often embolise

Question 4

Describe the risk factors for DVT & track their path if they embolise.

Answer 4

Stasis
Hypercoagubility
follow venous circuit back to the lungs

Question 5

What are the main risk factors for the development of atherosclerosis?

Answer 5

increase in age
male
diabetes
systemic hypertension
smoking
hyperlipidaemia

Question 6

How do the kidneys contribute to systemic hypertension?

Answer 6

they regulate blood composition and pressure

the RAAS system increases vascular resistance and blood volume thus increasing blood pressure

Question 7

What vascular pathology does atherosclerosis predispose towards?

Answer 7

Thrombus
Embolus
Aneurysm

Question 8

What are the possible consequences of having atherosclerosis in the abdominal aorta, coronary arteries, carotid & cerebral arteries?

Answer 8

Coronary arteries: ischaemic heart diseases
carotid cerebral: cerebral vascular disease
Abdominal aorta: Aneurysm can rupture and lead to haemorrhaging

Question 9

Define haemorrhage, thrombus, embolus, aneurysm

Answer 9

Haemorrhage: Damage to the blood vessel where all constituents are leaking
Thrombus: Attached to the blood vessel wall
Embolus: anything undissolved in the blood
Aneurysm: Abnormal ballooning of arterial wall or ventricle of heart

Question 10

Define atheroma, atherosclerosis, hypertension, stasis & hypercoagulability.

Answer 10

Atheroma: inflammatory plaque or lesion in artery wall
Atherosclerosis: Chronic inflammation of artery wall
Hypertension: high blood pressure
Stasis: static blood
Hypercoagulability: blood has a tendency to clot

Question 11

How could atherosclerosis in the abdominal aorta lead to our sudden death?

Answer 11

Aneurysm forms and then ruptures

Question 12

Question 6. Which of the following statements is FALSE
Oedema may occur in liver failure due to reduced colloidal oncotic pressure.
Oedema may occur in severe protein malnutrition due to reduced colloidal oncotic pressure.
Oedema may occur in renal failure due to proteinuria leading to reduced colloidal oncotic pressure.
Oedema may occur in congestive heart failure due to reduced colloidal oncotic pressure.
Oedema may occur in congestive heart failure due to increased hydrostatic pressure.