Neonatology Flashcards
When are calves considered to have FTPI?
If the serum IgG concentration is <1,000 mg/dL.
10.1111/jvim.12560
In a study evaluating the digital Brix refractometer and an optical refractometer to assess FTPI in dairy calves, how did these diagnostics measure up to RID?
Both the digital Brix and optical STP refractometers show good potential for being useful management tools to be included in the calf health monitoring program on dairy operations. The results from this study suggest that the appropriate cut‐off values for digital Brix and optical refractometers are 8.3%Brix and 5.5 g/dL, respectively, to assess FTPI in dairy calves.
10.1111/jvim.12560
What drugs were thought to increase abomasal emptying, for increasing colostral IgG to the site of absorption?
Cisapride, bethanechol and erythromycin
10.1111/jvim.12539
Probiotics were thought to possibly have an effect on the incidence of foal diarrhea. A newly designed probiotic, containing Lactobacillus sp. and Bifidobacterium was given to evaluate this. These bacterial strains were shown to inhibit C. difficile and perfringens in vitro. Was this probiotic effective?
A 3‐week course of prophylactic probiotic treatment did not reduce the incidence or duration of diarrhea in neonatal foals and could have even contributed to foals developing more severe disease
10.1111/jvim.12584.
In humans, what happens to IV IgG after it has been given, that decreases its effectiveness quickly?
IgG aggregates are created, which leads to activation of complement, then to increased catabolism and fecal and urinary excretion of plasma derived immunoglobins.
10.1111/jvim.12586
A study evaluated the metabolism of colostral and plasma derived IgGs in dairy calves. What were the major findings?
The major finding in this study was the rapid decrease in serum IgG concentrations to those consistent with FPI in the PL group calves within the first 12 h after transfusion. Although the median serum IgG concentration reached concentrations consistent with adequate transfer of immunity (serum IgG concentrations ≥1,000 mg/dL) at 6 h after plasma transfusion, the concentrations were not maintained beyond 6 h. The half‐life of plasma derived IgG was only 4.4 d compared to 17.1 d for colostral derived IgG.
As a result of increased catabolism and short half‐life of plasma‐derived IgG, plasma dosage ranging from 30 to 40 mL/kg are recommended with repeated transfusions within 12 h, if necessary.
10.1111/jvim.12586
A study was performed to evaluate the diagnostic ability of quantitative PCR of fecal samples for diagnosis of R. equi pneumonia in foals. This compared foals with clinical pneumonia, subclinical pneumonia and no evidence of pneumonia. How did the fecal samples differ between groups?
At the time of diagnosis, foals with R. equi pneumonia shed significantly more virulent R. equi than either subclinical or unaffected foals. Furthermore, subclinical foals with larger lesions (TMD > 200 mm) shed significantly higher concentrations of virulent R. equi than unaffected foals and foals with smaller lesions (TMD < 200 mm), but lower concentrations than affected foals.
This study demonstrates that fecal qPCR might be useful for the diagnosis of R. equi pneumonia and may help guide treatment decisions when TBA samples are not collected. Fecal qPCR is a noninvasive technique with good diagnostic accuracy, making it a potential alternative to TBAs. Caution should be used in directly applying the results of this study to other populations because geographical and management factors may affect the magnitude of fecal shedding.
10.1111/jvim.13631
How does bacterial contamination of colostrum affect IgG absorption?
Bacteria can bind to Igs, and decrease the amount that is able to be absorbed.
Bacteria can also compete at the absorption sites of IgGs.
10.1111/jvim.13949
What concentration of IgG is needed to consider a foal having transfer of passive immunity?
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentrations of >800 mg/dL measured 12–48 hour postnatum are generally considered adequate, and FTPI is commonly defined as partial FTPI at IgG concentrations of 400–800 mg/dL or total FTPI at IgG concentrations <400 mg/dL.
10.1111/jvim.14770
What are options for evaluating IgG concentration in foals?
Gold standard:
Radial immunodiffusion
Serum electrophoresis
These tests provide only semiquantitative results and are subject to interpretation error: ELISA Zinc sulfate turbidity Glutaraldehyde coagulation test Latex agglutination tests
10.1111/jvim.14770
A point‐of‐care analyzer that uses the turbidimetric immunoassay technique have been developed. How did these results compare with RID?
The POC‐TIA provided unambiguous results and had sufficient sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and precision to be used as an alternative to other POC tests to assess FTPI in foals.
10.1111/jvim.14770
What are some risk factors for poor colostrum quality and FPT in swiss dairy calves?
The most significant risk factor associated with poor‐quality colostrum identified in our study was leaking of colostrum before or during parturition (ie, loss of the Gg‐rich secretion stored in the udder at the end of the dry period).
Another factor significantly associated with FPT in calves in a previous study was the course of parturition (ie, lower plasma protein concentrations if assistance was needed for calving).
The factors significantly associated with the calves’ serum Gg concentrations beside colostrum quality included the volume of colostrum ingested at first feeding, the time lag between birth and first feeding, and the volume of colostrum ingested at second feeding.
10.1111/jvim.14806
Are foals with juvenile idiopathic epilepsy carriers of the MYO5A Lavender Foal Syndrome mutation?
uvenile idiopathic epilepsy of Egyptian Arabian foals and LFS appear to be phenotypically and genetically distinct disorders.
10.1111/jvim.14873
What is the optimal temperature and timing for heat-treatment of bovine colostrum that could be used with no important changes in viscosity, IgG concentration, and relevant reduction in bacterial count?
60* C for 30 or 60 minutes.
10.1111/jvim.15025
An in vitro evaluation of complement deposition and opsonophagocytic killing of R. equi mediated by poly-N-acetyl glucosamine hyperimmune plasma compared to commercial plasma products revealed what?
PNAG‐HIP and RE‐HIP are capable of activating complement. Furthermore, PNAG‐HIP was functionally superior at mediating killing of R. equi by PMNs in vitro than either RE‐HIP or SP. Comparison of PNAG‐HIP and RE‐HIP (or SP) in vivo is warranted. Further investigations of the mechanism of anti‐PNAG antibodies to mediate protection against R. equi are warranted.
10.1111/jvim.15511
