Neonates - Conditions Flashcards
what is a pre term birth?
<37wks
risk factors for pre term birth?
multiple pregnancy pre term membrane rupture DM HT smoking drugs uterine abnormalities APH
what are signs of neonatal sepsis?
RR >60 temp >37.7 <35.5 nasal flare grunt indrawing bulging fontanelles redness poor feeding
common causes of infection <48hrs after birth?
GBS
E coli (gram neg)
klebsiella (gram neg)
common causes of infection >48hrs after birth?
staph
strep
Ix for neonatal sepsis?
FBC, CRP, BM blood cultures CXR LP stool sample
what are incubators bad for?
increasing the rate of infection
what causes neonatal respiratory distress syndrome?
alveolar surfactant deficiency in premature babies
features of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome?
tachypnoea (>60) grunting intercostal recession nasal flare cyanoses
what signs on CXR are there for neonatal respiratory distress syndrome?
ground glass
small volume lungs
Tx for neonatal respiratory distress syndrome?
steroids <36wks
delay cord clamping
surfactant
ventilate
what is a complication due to ventilating neonates?
bronchopulmonary dysplasia
what is transient tachypnoea of the newborn?
slow clearing pulmonary fluid causes transient tachypnoea (clears in 2 days)
what is a common intracranial haemorrhage in pre term neonates?
intraventricular
features of intraventriclar haemorrhage?
first day hypotensive tachycardic seizure bulging fontanelles
Ix for intraventriclar haemorrhage?
US
what are the boundaries for jaundice being physio/pathological?
> 24hrs physio
<24hrs path
why does physiological jaundice occur?
fetal Hb broken down
causes
haemolysis occurs
unconjugated bilirubin rises
what can cause pathological jaundice?
hypothyroid CF biliary atresia haemolytic anaemia G6PD
what type of bilirubin is excreted to the intestines?
conjugated
Tx for jaundice?
phototherapy
what is kernicterus?
bilirubin induced enecphalopathy
what is meconium aspiration syndrome?
meconium passed in utero and aspirated
what is seen in CXR on meconium aspiration syndrome?
patchy opacities
overinflated lungs
Tx for meconium aspiration syndrome?
suction
ventilation
Abx
what is cryptorchidism?
undescended testes
what happens in PPHN?
lungs fill with oxygen and vasodilation occurs
pulmonary vascular resistance should fall (fails to)
right to L shunt between PDA/PFO (hypoxic baby)
Ix for PPHN?
echo
sats
Tx for PPHN?
ventilate
NO
inotropes
