Neonates

Question 1

term

Answer 1

after 37 weeks

Question 2

post term

Answer 2

after 41 weeks

Question 3

normal neonatal weight

Answer 3

2.5-4kg

Question 4

Labour

Answer 4

Hypoxic environment during contractions
Foetal Hb helps release O2
Prolonged labour reduces fetal reserves
Placental insufficiency

Increased cortisol and adrenaline enhances adaptation

Question 5

perinatal adaptation

Answer 5

First breath/cry- lungs usually filled w fluid
Alveolar expansion
Change from foetal to newborn circulation
Decreased pulmonary arterial pressure
Increased PaO2

Question 6

APGAR score

Answer 6

8 normal

scored from 2

Question 7

newborn exam when

Answer 7

by 72h

Question 8

preterm epidemiology

Answer 8

10%

Question 9

pre term risk factors

Answer 9

smoking and drinking
older mum
c section before term
infertility treatments
pregnancy complications
having previous pre term baby
multiple pregnancies

Question 10

newborn exam

Answer 10

weight
head measurement
length
heart murmurs
hips
testis- to see if dropped ,Hypospadius

skin- jaundice , strawberry haematoma, Erythema toxicum, Congenital dermal melanocytosis (blue), Naevus flammeus/ port wine stain

palate- teeth , Ebsteins pearls (white cyst)
Cephalohematoma- pressure during delivery causes blood vessels to pop
Caput succedaneum- swelling
eyes red reflex to see retina- congenital cateract (cloudy over eyes)
subconjunctival haemorrhage- red in eye

ears- folding (no hearing abnormalities)

abdominal- Umbilicus, hernia

Question 11

blood spot tests for

Answer 11

sickle cell disease- inherited blood disease

CF

congenital hypothyroid- if untreated learning disabilities

phenylketonuria (PKU)
medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MCADD)
maple syrup urine disease
isovaleric acidaemia (IVA)
glutaric aciduria type 1 (GA1 )
homocystinuria (HCU)

Question 12

vaccinations in pregnancy

Answer 12

flu
whooping cough
tetanus if needed

Question 13

newborn vaccination s

Answer 13

hep b

Question 14

6 in one vaccine

Answer 14

diphtheria
hepatitis B
Hib (Haemophilus influenzae type b)
polio
tetanus
whooping cough (pertussis)

given at 8,12 and 16 weeks

Question 15

vitamin supplements for babies

Answer 15

breastfed- d till 5 yo

a,c,d- 6 months to 5yo

Question 16

problems in premature babies

Answer 16

hypothermia, hypoglycaemia, respiratory distress syndrome,
patent ductus arteriosus- aorta and pulmonary artery
intraventricular haemorrhage -bleeding into the fluid-filled areas, or ventricles, surrounded by the brain

sepsis- strep if early onset, staph if late onset

nectrotising enterocolitis- tissues in the intestine (gut) become inflamed and start to die. This can lead to a perforation (hole) developing, which allows the contents of the intestine to leak into the abdomen
laporotomy if antibiotics dont work

Question 17

management of pre term babies

Answer 17

keep warm - plastic bag, heater, hat

o2

gentle lung inflation