Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbiology > Neonatal Infections > Flashcards

Neonatal Infections Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a congenital infection?

A

An infection that a neonate is born with. It is vertically transmitted from the mother.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What infections are screened for in pregnancy?

A
  • Hepatitis B
  • HIV
  • Rubella
  • Syphilis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the most common cause of congenital deafness?

A

Cytomegalovirus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the common causative agents of congenital infections?

A 
TORCH:
T - Toxoplasmosis
O - Other (Syphilis, HIV, HBV)
R - Rubella
C - Cytomegalovirus
H - HSV
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the common presenting symptoms of congenital infections?

A 
TORCH:
T - Thrombocytopaenia
O - Other (eyes: cataracts, glaucoma)
R - Rash
C - Cerebral abnormality
H - Hepatosplenomegaly
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the clinical features of congenital infections?

A
  • No maternal sickness

- A wide range of severity in the child

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What investigations are performed in congenital infections?

A

Serology screening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How do most carriers of toxoplasmosis present? How else can they present?

A

Most (60%) are asymptomatic. There is a long term sequelae involving deafness, a low IQ and microcephaly

Others who are symptomatic can experience seizures, and intracerebral calcification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How does rubella harm the host?

A

It causes mitotic arrest of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the clinical features of a congenital infection with rubella?

A
  • Ophthalmic features: cataracts, glaucoma, microphthalma
  • Cardiovascular syndromes
  • Deafness
  • Microcephaly
  • Bone disease
  • Hepatosplenomegaly
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the clinical features of a congenital infection with HSV?

A
  • A very ill child
  • A wide spread, blistering rash
  • Liver dysfunction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the neonatal period?

A

A period of 4-6 weeks after the child’s birth. If the child is premature, the neonatal period is adjusted according to the expected date of delivery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why do neonatal infections occur more commonly in premature babies?

A
  • There is reduced defence by maternal IgG
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is defined as an early neonatal infection?

A

An infection beginning within 48-72 hours of birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is defined as a late neonatal infection?

A

An infection beginning after 48-72 hours from birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the most common causative organisms of early neonatal infections?

A
  • Group B Streptococcus
  • E. coli
  • Listeria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the features of an early neonatal infection?

A
  • Fever

- Possible meningism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the maternal risk factors for early neonatal infection?

A
  • Premature rupture of membranes
  • Fever
  • Prolonged labour
  • Previous history
  • Meconium staining
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the foetal risk factors for early neonatal infection?

A
  • Prolonged labour
  • Hypoglycaemia
  • Low blood pressure at birth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the investigations for early neonatal infection?

A

Septic Screen:

  • FBC
  • CRP
  • Blood culture
  • Deep ear swab
  • CSF with LP (especially if blood culture is positive)
  • Chest X-Ray
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How is a case of early neonatal infection managed?

A

Begin with an ABC approach, and give supportive fluids, and nutrition.

Benzylpenicillin (for GBS) and gentamicin (for E. coli). Antibiotics are used for 7-14 days, unless evidence of meningitis, in which case up to a 6 week course is initiated.

If the infection is caused by listeria, amoxacillin or ampicillin would be used.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is group B streptococcus

A

A gram positive coccus, which is haemolytic

23
Q

What can group B streptococcus cause in neonates?

A
  • Bacteraemia
  • Meningitis
  • Disseminated infection
24
Q

What is E. coli?

A

A gram negative rod. It is specifically the K1 antigen which causes the pathology in neonates

25
Q

What can E. coli cause in neonates?

A
  • Bacteraemia
  • Meningitis
  • Urinary tract infections
26
Q

What is listeria?

A

A gram positive rod

27
Q

What can listeria cause in neonates?

A
  • Sepsis

- Both the mother and child will be ill

28
Q

What are the most common causative organisms of late neonatal infection?

A
  • Coagulase negative staphylococcus
  • Group B streptococcus
  • E. coli
  • Listeria
29
Q

What is the presentation of a child with late onset neonatal infection?

A
  • Bradycardia
  • Apnoea or respiratory distress
  • Poor feeding
  • Irritability
  • Convulsions
  • Jaundice
  • Focal inflammation
30
Q

How do you investigate a case of late neonatal infection?

A

Septic Screen:

  • FBC
  • CRP
  • Blood cultures
  • Deep ear swab
  • CSF with LP
31
Q

What blood changes can occur in late neonatal infection?

A

A raised CRP with a sudden change in WCC and platelets

32
Q

How do you manage a case of late neonatal infection?

A

Begin with an ABC approach, and give supportive fluids, and nutrition.

There are no national guidelines for this. First line can be benzylpenicillin and gentamicin or cefotaxime and vancomycin. Second line antibiotics include meropenem.

In community based infection, use cefotaxime and amoxicillin. Consider use of gentamicin if these do not suffice.

33
Q

What is the number one cause of paediatric morbidity and mortality?

A

Meningitis

34
Q

How do you diagnose meningitis in children?

A

With clinical features and lab tests:

  • Cultures
  • Throat swab
  • LP (if no coagulopathy)
  • Rapid antigen screen
  • Serology
35
Q

What is most common causative agent of meningitis in children?

A

Meningococcus B

Others include pneumocystis, MenC and Hib

36
Q

What is Neisseria meningococcus?

A

A gram negative coccus

37
Q

What is pneumococcus?

A

A gram positive diplococcus

38
Q

What is the number 1 cause of morbidity and mortality in those under the age of 2?

A

Pneumococcus disease

39
Q

What vaccine is available for pneumococcus disease?

A

PrevenarA 7 subtype vaccine available for children in the UK

40
Q

What is haemophilus influenzae?

A

A gram negative rod

41
Q

What is the most common cause of death world wide in neonates?

A

Prematurity

42
Q

What is the most common cause of death worldwide in children under the age of 5?

A

Pneumonia

43
Q

What can cause recurrent infections in children?

A
  • HIV
  • SCID

Seek paediatric infectious disease guidance

44
Q

How is mycoplasma transmitted?

A

Droplet transmission

45
Q

What are the features of a mycoplasma infection?

A
  • Fever
  • Headache
  • Myalgia
  • Pharyngitis
  • Dry cough
46
Q

What are the potential extrapulmonary features of mycoplasma?

A
  • Haemolysis (IgM antibodies to the I antigen on erythrocyte; cold agglutinins)
  • Neurological (encephalitis)
  • Cardiac
  • Polyarthralgia
  • Bullous myringitis on the tympanic membrane
47
Q

What are the most common causative agents of respiratory tract infections in children?

A
  • Viruses
  • S. pneumoniae
  • Mycoplasma (only if they are >4 years of age)
48
Q

How do you treat an s. pneumoniae respiratory tract infection in children?

A

Most should respond to penicillin

49
Q

How do you treat a mycoplasma respiratory tract infection in children?

A

Azithromycin

50
Q

How do you treat viral respiratory tract infections in children?

A

Use empirical data to choose treatment

51
Q

What are the most common causative agents of urinary tract infections in children?

A
  • E. coli
  • Proteus
  • Klebsiella
  • Enterococcus
52
Q

How do you diagnose a urinary tract infection In children?

A

Urine culture
- >10^5 cfu/ml

Microscopy

Clinical features

53
Q

How do you treat a urinary tract infection in children?

A

Early treatment is important

Follow the NICE guidelines of diagnosing and treating. Prophylactic treatment after an antibiotic course has proven useful.

Microbiology (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions