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Piggies > Neonatal Diseases > Flashcards

Neonatal Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What causes diarrhoea in Piglets? (8)

A
  • eneteric colibacillosis
  • colisepticaemia
  • rotavirus
  • coccidiosis
  • clostridial enteritis (petfingens A/B/C, difficile)
  • salmonella
  • PRRS
  • porcine epidemic diarrhoea
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2
Q

Enteric colibacillosis

  • Age
  • pathogenesis
  • epidemiology
A
  • 0-4 days old
  • ETEC: binds to k99 antigen
  • maternal immunity up to 14 days
  • shed in faeces
  • survive in dust for months and on pen furniture
  • introduced in pigs and on formites
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3
Q

Enteric colibacillosis

  • CS (5)
  • pathology (5)
A
  • affected piglets stand alone
  • hunched back and drooped tail
  • watery diarrhoea
  • dehydration
  • recovery ± stunting or death following a coma
  • dehydrated carcase
  • dark liver
  • full stomach
  • intestines full of clear fluid
  • villi in tact
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4
Q

Enteric colibacillosis

  • Dx (4)
  • Tx (2)
  • control (4)
A

Dx:

  • CS : watery diarrhoea 12hours- 4 days
  • PM findings
  • intact villi
  • osologation of ETEC, PCR, ELISA

Tx:

  • ABs: spectinomycin, fluroquinilones, trimethoprim sulphadiazine, amoxyclav
  • heat, fluids

control:

  • vaccinate sow
  • ensure colostrum intake
  • ensure piglets have water
  • breeding stock with inherent resistance
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5
Q

Colisepticaemia facts (3)

A
  • E.coli
  • oral/ respiratory infection
  • colostrum derived pigs
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6
Q

Colisepticaemia

  • CS (8)
  • pathology (4)
A

CS:

  • 12 hours
  • affected piglets stand apart
  • raised hair coat
  • initial pyrexia
  • coma
  • hypothermia
  • convulsions
  • death in 48 hours

Pathology:

  • carcase in good condition
  • congested extremities
  • enlarged spleen
  • stomach filled with curd
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7
Q

Colisepticaemia

  • Tx (2)
  • prevention (4)
A

Tx:

  • ABs: ampicillin, amoxyclav, trimethoprim sulphonamide, fluroquinolones
  • supportive

Prevention

  • ensure colostrum intake
  • treat at risk litters with oral colostrum
  • ensure adequate temperature
  • hygiene
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8
Q

Rotavirus

  • aetiology and pathogenesis (5)
  • epidemiology (2)
A
  • serotypes A, B and C can change over time,
  • multiplies in the epithelial cells of villi 24-96 hours post infection
  • jejenum
  • cells swell and lose microvilli –> villi atrophy –> secretory diarrhoea
  • lactase levels reduced

epidemiology

  • survives 7-9 months at 16-20 degreed
  • infecting dose in 90 particles (millions per gram of faeces)
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9
Q

Rotavirus

  • CS (3)
  • pathology (4)
A

CS:

  • white diarrhoea (profuse for 4-6 days and then loose, yellow for a further 7-14 days)
  • depression, anorexia, reluctance to move by 18-24 hours
  • vomiting

pathology:

  • intestine only affected organ
  • villous atrophy and fusion
  • SI distended with creamy fluid
  • crypt depth increaed
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10
Q

Rotavirus

  • Dx (4)
  • control
A

Dx:

  • CS begin 7-14 days and affect most of litter
  • creamy faeces
  • villous atrophy in SI
  • demonstrate virus by ELISA/PCR

control:
- expose dry sows to diarrhoea

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11
Q

Coccidiosis

aetiology and pathogenesis (10)

A
  • isospora suis
  • associated with poor hygiene: on pen fittings/food form other piglets
  • CS from 5-15 days (10 day scour)
  • oral infection
  • oocysts –> sporozoites –> merozoites anterior in SI
  • crescent shaped merozoites in posterior SI
  • sexual stages 5-6 days post infection
  • oocysts shed in faeces from day 5-9 and 11-14
  • villous atrophy from day 5
  • no protection from colostral antibodies
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12
Q

Coccidiosis

  • CS (3)
  • pathology (4)
A

CS:

  • creamy or watery diarrhoea with necrotic material
  • from day 5, peaks day 10-14, resolved by weaning
  • dehydration and loss of condition

pathology:

  • carcase in poor condition
  • SI thickened, creamy contents & necrotic flakes
  • mucosa with villous atrophy and necrosis
  • coccidia in epithelium of SI (seen best with silver stain)
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13
Q

Coccidiosis

  • Dx (6)
  • Tx (3)
  • control
A

Dx:

  • diarrhoea in 2nd/3rd weeks of life
  • poor response to ABs
  • PM
  • fluid or pasty faeces (yellow-white in colour)
  • direct smear of mucosa
  • histopath of SI

Tx:

  • Trimethaprim sulphonamide orally at onset
  • Trimethaprim sulphonamide injected at days 4,5 and 6
  • fluids

Control:
- single totrazuril admin orally day 3-5

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14
Q

Clostridial enteritis susceptibility (60

A
  • no ingestion of colostrum (trypsin prevents disease)
  • no ingestion of specific AB
  • after specific colostral antibody has declined there is no active immunity
  • when milk is withdrawn
  • when gut wall has been disrupted and the immune system cannot protect
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15
Q

Cl. Perfingens type C

  • pathogenesis
  • age
A
  • fatal
  • necrotic and haemorrhagic enteritis
  • piglets less than 7 days

organism enters at birth and reaches high numbers –> B toxin produced in the basence of trypsin and antibody –> B toxin attaches to SI epithelium –> intetinal ulceration –> reddish diarrhoea –> death

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16
Q

Cl. Perfingens type C

A

CS:

  • affects several litters, 26-48 hours after birth
  • pass bloody faeces
  • may suddenly die

Pathology:

  • reddish diarrhoea
  • SI is angry red
  • haemorrhagic mucosa
  • villus atrophy
17
Q

Cl. Perfingens type C

  • epidemiology (3)
  • Dx (5)
  • Tx (2)
A
  • infection with spores/ vegetative organisms
  • present in farrowing houses/ soil
  • can last 3 months

Dx:

  • CS (reddish diarrhoea from 36 hours)
  • high mortality
  • PM signs
  • smears/cultures
  • ELISA/PCR detects B toxin

Tx:

  • hyperimmune antisera (not common)
  • can’t treat developed disease as epithelium is already damaged.
18
Q

Cl perfingens A epidemiology (3)

A
  • vegetative or spore
  • produces A toxin –> does not produce disease consistently
  • enterotoxin
19
Q

Cl perfingens A

  • CS (4)
  • pathology (4)
A

CS:

  • dull, sunken flanks within 48 hours
  • creamy pink diarrhoea
  • dramatic loss in condition
  • most recover, although some suddenly die

pathology:

  • carcase in poor condition
  • some greenish discolouration of abdomen
  • SI distended ± congestion
  • villous atrophy
20
Q

Cl perfingens A

  • Dx (2)
  • Tx (2)
A

Dx:

  • CS: absence of bloody diarrhoea and low mortality
  • isolation of Cl perfingens A only

Tx:

  • parenternal ppenicillins
  • hygiene
21
Q

Samonella (3)

A
  • 2-3 piglets per litter develop fever and brownish diarrhoeah containing nectotic material
  • intestinal inflammation, watery content diptheresis and enlarged mesenteric LNs
  • salmonella isolated in profuse culture
22
Q

PRRS

pathogenesis (5)

A
  • infection by respiratory route, contact, semen or placenta
  • viraemia develops
  • destruction of alveolar macrophages (decrease in WBCs)
  • cutokines cause vascular lesions
  • interstitial pneumonitis
23
Q

PRRS

  • CS (7)
  • pathology (6)
A

CS:

  • laboured breathing in piglets in non-immune heard
  • in immune herd: 4-6 weeks of age
  • 41 degree fever
  • weakness, splayed legs
  • oedema of eyelids
  • cyanosis of ears
  • increased stillbirths and returns to early oestrous

pathology:

  • anterior lobe of lung is consolidated and rubbery: pneumonia
  • excess pleural and pericardial fluid
  • enlarged LNs
  • blebbing of bronchiolar epithelium
  • no alveolar macrophages
  • proliferative interstitial pneumonitis
24
Q

PRRS

  • Dx (5)
  • control (3)
A

Dx:

  • CS
  • gross lesions
  • abscence of alveolar macrophages and interstitial pneumonitits
  • virus isolation
  • serology 3 weeks later

control:

  • isolation
  • purchase of seronegative pigs/ isolation
  • vaccines (live are best!)
25
Q

Porcine epidemic Diarrhoea

  • what?
  • pathogenesis (4)
  • epidemiology (3)
A
  • corona virus, distinct from TGE

Pathogenesis:

  • incubation of 24 hours (12-48)
  • destruction of mature enterocytes in the villi –> these cells are shed
  • villous atrophy and fusion
  • infected animals continue to shed virus in faeces for 35 days

Epidemiology:

  • highly infectious
  • passive immunity (IgG andIgA in milk) lasts 5-13 weeks
  • susceptible to drying, UV light and disinfectanys
26
Q

Porcine epidemic Diarrhoea CS

  • acute (4)
  • less acute (4)
  • delta corona virus (2)
A 
CS:
Acute:
- foetid diarrhoea
- ± vomiting
- sever dehydration
- mortality >100% (normally 50%) in pigs less than 7 days, 3% in weaned pigs

less acute:

  • decreased severity
  • diarrhoea, no vomiting
  • socur in weaners up to 5-6 weeks
  • slight scour in older animals, but reduced appetite and performance

delta

  • less scour than A virus
  • more likely to cause vomiting and diarrhoea in adults
27
Q

Porcine epidemic Diarrhoea

  • Dx (4)
  • Tx (4)
A

Dx:

  • PM: distended, fluid filled, thin valled loops of gut
  • histopath shows villous atrophy
  • IHC shows brown stained cells containing virus round the villi
  • RT-PCR to confirm

Tx:

  • supportive
  • electrolytes
  • ± ABs for secondary problems
  • euthanise severe cases

Piggies (6 decks)

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