Neonatal abdomen and genitalia

Question 1

A neonate should pass meconium by:

Answer 1

24 hours of age

Question 2

A neonate should pass urine by:

Answer 2

24 hours of age

Question 3

Incidence of appendicitis in pregnancy

Answer 3

1:3500

Question 4

Rebound tenderness is a symptom of

Answer 4

Appendicitis

Question 5

Which of the following is a reason why a baby may vomit in the first week of life

Answer 5

Pyloric stenosis

Question 6

Which of the following is an abnormal content of vomit for a neonate

Answer 6

Bile

Question 7

What is Polyhydramnious?

Answer 7

• Polyhydramnious ( when the volume of liquor exceed 1500ml. Often the quantity is 300ml)

Question 8

What is Oligohydramnious?

Answer 8

Oligohydramnious ( less than 500ml present associated with fetal abnormality e.g.absence of kidneys)

Question 9

Abdominal Inspection

Answer 9

Skin - is thin and easily damaged.
• Shape of abdomen
• Diastasis recti - also known as abdominal separation
• Umbilical hernia - where the abdominal wall behind the navel is damaged.
• Cord -
• Abdominal wall - able to carry out all processes needed to digest breast milk
• Bladder

Question 10

Perianal area

Answer 10

• Anus
• Anal sphincter - is a group of muscles at the end of the rectum that surrounds the anus and controls the release of stool, thereby maintaining continence. There are two sphincter muscles: one is internal and one is external. The external muscle helps maintain continence and keep stool in the rectum

• Anal wink - reflexive contraction of the external anal sphincter upon stroking of the skin around the anus.

• Fistulas - an abnormal opening between two organs
• Meconium - thick, soft, greenish-black substance. Contains epithelial cells, waste products such as bile, satls, fatty acids, mucus and amniotic fluid. Changes in to a yellow colour within 4-5 days due to bottle/breast feeding. During labour meconium passed indicates that the fetus is stressed

Question 11

Male Genitalia

Answer 11

• Gestation
• Penis-hypospadias : The appearance of the penis is the most obvious sign of hypospadias but also, urine will not pass through the tip of the penis.
• Testes-descended : is a condition when one or both of the testes have not descended into the scrotum at birth, but stay in the abdomen or only move part way down into the scrotum
• Hydrocele: is a type of swelling in the scrotum that occurs when fluid collects in the thin sheath surrounding a testicle.
• Testicular torsion : when a testicle rotates, twisting the spermatic cord that brings blood to the scrotum. The reduced blood flow causes sudden and often severe pain and swelling.
• Urine stream

Question 12

Female genitalia

Answer 12

• Gestation
• Labia majora
• Labia minora
• Hymenal tag - thin membrane that covers the opening to the vagina.
• Vagina
• Passed urine