Blood and blood groups Flashcards
Match blood group A with the correct antigen profile
Antigen A
Someone with which blood group is known as the universal recipient?
AB positive
Which blood group is the universal donor?
O negative
Which of the following is a sensitisation event?
a. External cephalic version
b. All of these options
c. Amniocentesis
d. Trauma to the abdomen during the antenatal period
What is the rhesus system?
The rhesus system: based on the presence or absence of the rhesus factor
Plasma
Makes up 55% of blood volume
Essential for homeostasis
Composed of:
90 % water
Proteins → Contribute to the maintenance of osmotic pressure in the circulatory system. Albumin → is a type of protein in which substances like drugs can bind to and be transported in the blood.
Globulins → antibodies that protect the body from microorganisms
Fibrinogen → protein essential to blood clotting
Nutrients → nutrients are carried around the body for distribution to all cells in the form in which it can be absorbed in the GI tract
Wastes → including urea, creatinine and bilirubin
Gases → oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen
Electrolytes → carried around the body in plasma to supply blood cells and also to maintain fluid and electrolytes
Blood
Blood consists of a fluid in which several types of substances and specialised blood cells are suspended.
Circulates around the body
Transports substances from one area to another
Plays important role in temperature
3 types of granulocytes & 2 types of argunolocytes
Three types of granulocytes:
Neutrophils: which contain nuclei that are made between two and six lobes connected by strands. Responsible for protecting the body from foreign cells and for removing debris.
Basophils: irregular shaped nuclei. Contain heparin and histamine
Eosinophils: have nuclei with two lobes. Neutralises histamine and contains lysosomes that act against parasites
Two types of agrunolocytes:
Monocytes: kidney-shaped nucleus and develop into macrophages and have an active role in inflammatory.
Lymphocytes: single round nucleus and are responsible for identifying foreign or abnormal cells - antigens and release antibodies when attacking.
What is Thrombocytes & Haemostasis?
Thrombocytes: contain substances that are needed for blood clotting.
Haemostasis: the stoppage of bleeding
Vasoconstriction
Vasoconstriction
Formation of plug
Coagulation of the blood: a permanent clot can be formed by the production of fibrin.
Blood cells are formed by a process called haemopoiesis which is carried out in the red bone marrow
Derived from stem cells
What is the Kleihauer test?
Kleihauer test: The Kleihauer–Betke test, Kleihauer–Betke stain, Kleihauer test or Acid elution test, is a blood test used to measure the amount of fetal hemoglobin transferred from a fetus to a mother’s bloodstream.
What Intrauterine transfusion?
is a procedure in which red blood cells from a donor are injected into the fetus.
During pregnancy
During pregnancy, in the heart the cardiac output rises by up to 40% and enables blood to flow through the added circulation formed in the enlarging uterus.
Blood vessels vasodilate as a result of the hormone progesterone on the smooth muscles. Decreases blood pressure and can cause tiredness and lightheadedness.
Plasma volume rises up to 50% and RBCs number increases up to 18%.
Heart increases in size and changes position
Labour in pregnancy
Labour
Cardiac output increases by 2l/min
After delivery, the increased levels of clotting factors to stop bleeding after placental excretion.
Postnatal care in pregnancy
Rhesus negative mothers
Maternal and cord bloods
Check Kleihauer result
Anti D immunoglobulin
