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Parastitology/Mycology > Nematodes > Flashcards

Nematodes Flashcards

1
Q

Define Nematode

A

multicellular parasites that appear round in cross section

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2
Q

Define Buccal cavity

A

Long oral cavity

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3
Q

Define Cuticle

A

Surface covering present on adult nematodes

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4
Q

Define Copulation

A

Mating of select worms

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5
Q

Define Corticated

A

Eggs containing a mammillated albuminous material.

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6
Q

Define Decorticated

A

Eggs lacking a mammillated albuminous material

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7
Q

Define Larva

A

Juvenile worms.

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8
Q

Rhabfitiform larva (L1)

A

Average immature newly hatched hookworm characterized by the presence
of a buccal cavity/capsule and a small genital primordium

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9
Q

Filariform larva (L3)

A

Infective, nonfeeding stage that occurs after the rhabditiform larvae
completes their second mol

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10
Q

Retroinfection

A

Infective pinworm eggs that migrate back into the host body, develop, and
reproduce rather than becoming dislodged

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11
Q

What is the route of infection for Enterobius vermicularis (Pin Worm)?

A

Mouth > Intestinal

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12
Q

What is the route of infection for Trichuris trichiura (Whip Worm)?

A

Mouth > Intestinal

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13
Q

What is the route of infection for Ascaris lumbricoides (Giant Worm)?

A

Mouth > Pulmonary

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14
Q

What is the route of infection for Necator americanus (Hook Worm)?

A

Skin > Pulmonary

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15
Q

What is the route of infection for Strongyloides stercoralis (Threadworm)?

A

Skin > Pulmonary

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16
Q

What worm is responsible for infecting school-aged children?

A

Enterobius vermicularis

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17
Q

Where is Enterobius vermicularis found?

A

Worldwide, particularly in temperate areas.

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18
Q

What are the clinical symptoms of E. vermicularis?

A
  1. Intense itching
  2. Inflammation of anal and vaginal areas
  3. Intestinal irritations
  4. Nausea
  5. Difficulty sleeping
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19
Q

How do you prevent Enterobius vermicularis?

A
  1. Practice proper personal hygiene
  2. Applying ointment to infected perianal area
  3. Avoid scratching infected area
  4. Clean potentially infected surfaces (linens)
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20
Q

What is the best way to diagnose Enterobius vermicularis?

A

Specimen of choice is cellophane tape prep collected from perianal region.
* early morning before bathing *

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21
Q

Where is Asacris lumbricoides found?

A

Warm climates and areas of poor sanitations are most infected.

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22
Q

How is Asacris lumbricoides transmitted?

A

Fecal-oral route

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23
Q

What region has the highest frequency of infection of Asacris lumbricoides?

A

Appalachian Mountains

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24
Q

True or False:
Soil contains the necessary environment for Asacris lumbricoides eggs to embryonate.

A

True

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25
True or False: The life cycle of Asacris lumbricoides can be completed with eggs that are not in the infective stage.
False
26
True or False: Severity of symptoms of Asacris lumbricoides depend on # of worms present.
True
27
What are the symptoms of Asacris lumbricoides during its Migratory phase?
1. Allergic response possible - resembles asthma 2. Cough, eosinophilia, and or pneumonitis
28
What are the symptoms of Asacris lumbricoides during the intestinal phase?
Patients with 1 worm cause secondary bacterial infection. Patients with many worms experience: 1. protein calorie malnutrition 2. Abdominal pain, vomiting, fever 3. Bowel obstruction by a mass of worms entangled together. 4. Abberant migration due to irritation to other organs ( fever and drugs)
29
How can you prevent Asacris lumbricoides?
1. Proper hygiene and sanitation practices 2. Avoid defecating directly into the soil 3. Avoid using feces as a fertilizer
30
How is Asacris lumbricoides diagnosed?
Specimen of choice is stool to find eggs. * depending on severity of infection, specimen may be 1. small intestine 2. gallbladder 3. liver 4. appendix
31
Where is Trichuris trichiura found?
Found primarily in warm climates where poor sanitation practices are common (Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, Tropical Americas)
32
Who is most infected with Trichuris trichiura?
Children and those in psychiatric hospitals known to be at risk for contracting T. trichiura.
33
What are the symptoms of Trichuris trichiura during a heavy infection (500-5,000 worms) ?
1. Abdominal tenderness and pain, weight loss, weakness, significant mucosal damage, bloody diarrhea and blood loss 2. Tenesmus: the sensation one needs to defecate continuously 3. Rectal prolapse
34
How can you prevent Trichuris trichiura?
1. Exercise proper sanitation practices 2. Educate children and assist mentally handicapped 3. Avoid defecating directly into the soil 4. Avoid using feces as a fertilizer 5. Avoid placing potentially infective hands into the mouth
35
How is Trichuris trichiura diagnosed?
Specimen of choice is stool.
36
What are the two species of hookworms?
Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale
37
Where are hookworms found?
Frequency is high in warmer climates where poor sanitation practices are held.
38
What is the predominant species of hookworm?
Necator americanus
39
True or False: A. duodenale is more endemic in the Middle East, North Africa, and northern India (Old World Hookworm)
TRUE
40
How are the four potential manifestations of hookworm disease determined?
1. Stage of the infection 2. Route of acquisition 3. Degree of worm burden
41
What are the four potential manifestations of hookworm disease?
1. Dermatitis – penetration of skin by L3 larvae 2. Pneumonia – during migration 3. Abdominal pain – during intestinal phase 4. Chronic iron deficiency anemia – major clinical feature
42
True or False: Blood loss is not proportional to number of hookworms present in intestines and other factors
FALSE
43
What are the two hookworm diseases?
Anclyostomiasis and necatoriasis
44
What are the symptoms of a hookworm infection during Penetration stage?
Itching at penetration site
45
What are the symptoms of a hookworm infection during Migration stage?
1. Sore throat 2. Headache 3. Bloody sputum 4. Wheezing 5. Mild pneumonia with cough
46
What are the symptoms of a hookworm infection during Intestinal Stage?
Mild infection (<500 eggs/g of feces) 1. Mild gastrointestinal symptoms 2. slight anemia 3. weight loss 4. weakness
47
What are the symptoms of a hookworm infection during Acute infection?
1. Diarrhea 2. anorexia 3. enteritis 4. epigastric discomfort 5. microcytic hypochromic anemia 6. iron deficiency, weakness 7. hypoproteinemia 8. possible mortality from loss of blood
48
How can you prevent Hookworm infection?
Similar to Strongyloides sp. 1. Covering of bare feet.
49
How are Hookworms diagnosed?
Recovery of eggs in stool sample.
50
True or False: Recovery and examination of buccal cavity are necessary to determine specific hookworm organism.
TRUE
51
Where is Strongyloides stercoralis found?
1. Found predominately in tropical and subtropical regions of the world and areas of poor sanitation 2. Appalachian Mountain region and long-term care facilities
52
What are the reservoir hosts for Strongyloides stercoralis?
Dogs and primates
53
True or False: Strongyloides stercoralis can survive as free-living nematode in soil.
TRUE
54
What are the 3 ways Strongyloides stercoralis may be transmitted?
1. Direct 2. Indirect 3. Autoreinfection
55
Define Direct infection
Mimics hookworm life cycle except rhabditiform larvae are usually passed in the stool; eggs are only occasionally found in such samples.
56
Define Indirect infection
Rhabditiform larvae are passed in outside environment and mature into free living adults that are non-parasitic; may initiate new indirect cycle.
57
Define Autoinfection.
Rhabditiform larvae develop inside human intestines, enter lymphatics or bloodstream, and initiate new cycle
58
What are the symptoms of Strongyloides stercoralis?
1. Diarrhea 2. Abdominal pain 3. Urticaria with eosinophilia 4. Vomiting 5. Constipation 6. Weight loss 7. Variable anemia 8. Death 9. Pulmonary symptoms possible during parasite migration
59
How can you prevent Strongyloides stercoralis?
Similar to hookworms.
60
How is Strongyloides stercoralis diagnosed?
Stool samples

Parastitology/Mycology (5 decks)

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