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Parastitology/Mycology > Nematodes > Flashcards

Nematodes Flashcards

1
Q

Define Nematode

A

multicellular parasites that appear round in cross section

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2
Q

Define Buccal cavity

A

Long oral cavity

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3
Q

Define Cuticle

A

Surface covering present on adult nematodes

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4
Q

Define Copulation

A

Mating of select worms

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5
Q

Define Corticated

A

Eggs containing a mammillated albuminous material.

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6
Q

Define Decorticated

A

Eggs lacking a mammillated albuminous material

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7
Q

Define Larva

A

Juvenile worms.

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8
Q

Rhabfitiform larva (L1)

A

Average immature newly hatched hookworm characterized by the presence
of a buccal cavity/capsule and a small genital primordium

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9
Q

Filariform larva (L3)

A

Infective, nonfeeding stage that occurs after the rhabditiform larvae
completes their second mol

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10
Q

Retroinfection

A

Infective pinworm eggs that migrate back into the host body, develop, and
reproduce rather than becoming dislodged

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11
Q

What is the route of infection for Enterobius vermicularis (Pin Worm)?

A

Mouth > Intestinal

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12
Q

What is the route of infection for Trichuris trichiura (Whip Worm)?

A

Mouth > Intestinal

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13
Q

What is the route of infection for Ascaris lumbricoides (Giant Worm)?

A

Mouth > Pulmonary

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14
Q

What is the route of infection for Necator americanus (Hook Worm)?

A

Skin > Pulmonary

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15
Q

What is the route of infection for Strongyloides stercoralis (Threadworm)?

A

Skin > Pulmonary

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16
Q

What worm is responsible for infecting school-aged children?

A

Enterobius vermicularis

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17
Q

Where is Enterobius vermicularis found?

A

Worldwide, particularly in temperate areas.

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18
Q

What are the clinical symptoms of E. vermicularis?

A
  1. Intense itching
  2. Inflammation of anal and vaginal areas
  3. Intestinal irritations
  4. Nausea
  5. Difficulty sleeping
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19
Q

How do you prevent Enterobius vermicularis?

A
  1. Practice proper personal hygiene
  2. Applying ointment to infected perianal area
  3. Avoid scratching infected area
  4. Clean potentially infected surfaces (linens)
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20
Q

What is the best way to diagnose Enterobius vermicularis?

A

Specimen of choice is cellophane tape prep collected from perianal region.
* early morning before bathing *

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21
Q

Where is Asacris lumbricoides found?

A

Warm climates and areas of poor sanitations are most infected.

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22
Q

How is Asacris lumbricoides transmitted?

A

Fecal-oral route

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23
Q

What region has the highest frequency of infection of Asacris lumbricoides?

A

Appalachian Mountains

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24
Q

True or False:
Soil contains the necessary environment for Asacris lumbricoides eggs to embryonate.

A

True

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25
Q

True or False:
The life cycle of Asacris lumbricoides can be completed with eggs that are not in the infective stage.

A

False

26
Q

True or False:
Severity of symptoms of Asacris lumbricoides depend on # of worms present.

A

True

27
Q

What are the symptoms of Asacris lumbricoides during its Migratory phase?

A
  1. Allergic response possible - resembles asthma
  2. Cough, eosinophilia, and or pneumonitis
28
Q

What are the symptoms of Asacris lumbricoides during the intestinal phase?

A

Patients with 1 worm cause secondary bacterial infection.
Patients with many worms experience:
1. protein calorie malnutrition
2. Abdominal pain, vomiting, fever
3. Bowel obstruction by a mass of worms entangled together.
4. Abberant migration due to irritation to other organs ( fever and drugs)

29
Q

How can you prevent Asacris lumbricoides?

A
  1. Proper hygiene and sanitation practices
  2. Avoid defecating directly into the soil
  3. Avoid using feces as a fertilizer
30
Q

How is Asacris lumbricoides diagnosed?

A

Specimen of choice is stool to find eggs.
* depending on severity of infection, specimen may be
1. small intestine
2. gallbladder
3. liver
4. appendix

31
Q

Where is Trichuris trichiura found?

A

Found primarily in warm climates where poor sanitation practices are common (Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, Tropical Americas)

32
Q

Who is most infected with Trichuris trichiura?

A

Children and those in psychiatric hospitals known to be at risk for contracting T. trichiura.

33
Q

What are the symptoms of Trichuris trichiura during a heavy infection (500-5,000 worms) ?

A
  1. Abdominal tenderness and pain, weight loss, weakness, significant mucosal damage, bloody diarrhea and blood loss
  2. Tenesmus: the sensation one needs to defecate continuously
  3. Rectal prolapse
34
Q

How can you prevent Trichuris trichiura?

A
  1. Exercise proper sanitation practices
  2. Educate children and assist mentally handicapped
  3. Avoid defecating directly into the soil
  4. Avoid using feces as a fertilizer
  5. Avoid placing potentially infective hands into the mouth
35
Q

How is Trichuris trichiura diagnosed?

A

Specimen of choice is stool.

36
Q

What are the two species of hookworms?

A

Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale

37
Q

Where are hookworms found?

A

Frequency is high in warmer climates where poor sanitation practices are held.

38
Q

What is the predominant species of hookworm?

A

Necator americanus

39
Q

True or False:
A. duodenale is more endemic in the Middle East, North
Africa, and northern India (Old World Hookworm)

A

TRUE

40
Q

How are the four potential manifestations of hookworm disease determined?

A
  1. Stage of the infection
  2. Route of acquisition
  3. Degree of worm burden
41
Q

What are the four potential manifestations of hookworm disease?

A
  1. Dermatitis – penetration of skin by L3 larvae
  2. Pneumonia – during migration
  3. Abdominal pain – during intestinal phase
  4. Chronic iron deficiency anemia – major clinical feature
42
Q

True or False:
Blood loss is not proportional to number of hookworms present in
intestines and other factors

A

FALSE

43
Q

What are the two hookworm diseases?

A

Anclyostomiasis and necatoriasis

44
Q

What are the symptoms of a hookworm infection during Penetration stage?

A

Itching at penetration site

45
Q

What are the symptoms of a hookworm infection during Migration stage?

A
  1. Sore throat
  2. Headache
  3. Bloody sputum
  4. Wheezing
  5. Mild pneumonia with cough
46
Q

What are the symptoms of a hookworm infection during Intestinal Stage?

A

Mild infection (<500 eggs/g of feces)

  1. Mild gastrointestinal symptoms
  2. slight anemia
  3. weight loss
  4. weakness
47
Q

What are the symptoms of a hookworm infection during Acute infection?

A
  1. Diarrhea
  2. anorexia
  3. enteritis
  4. epigastric discomfort
  5. microcytic hypochromic anemia
  6. iron deficiency, weakness
  7. hypoproteinemia
  8. possible mortality from loss of blood
48
Q

How can you prevent Hookworm infection?

A

Similar to Strongyloides sp.
1. Covering of bare feet.

49
Q

How are Hookworms diagnosed?

A

Recovery of eggs in stool sample.

50
Q

True or False:
Recovery and examination of buccal cavity are necessary to determine specific hookworm organism.

A

TRUE

51
Q

Where is Strongyloides stercoralis found?

A
  1. Found predominately in tropical and subtropical regions of the world and areas of poor sanitation
  2. Appalachian Mountain region and long-term care facilities
52
Q

What are the reservoir hosts for Strongyloides stercoralis?

A

Dogs and primates

53
Q

True or False:
Strongyloides stercoralis can survive as free-living nematode in soil.

A

TRUE

54
Q

What are the 3 ways Strongyloides stercoralis may be transmitted?

A
  1. Direct
  2. Indirect
  3. Autoreinfection
55
Q

Define Direct infection

A

Mimics hookworm life cycle except rhabditiform larvae are usually passed in the stool; eggs are only occasionally found in such samples.

56
Q

Define Indirect infection

A

Rhabditiform larvae are passed in outside environment and mature into free living adults that are non-parasitic; may initiate
new indirect cycle.

57
Q

Define Autoinfection.

A

Rhabditiform larvae develop inside human intestines, enter lymphatics or bloodstream, and initiate new cycle

58
Q

What are the symptoms of Strongyloides stercoralis?

A
  1. Diarrhea
  2. Abdominal pain
  3. Urticaria with eosinophilia
  4. Vomiting
  5. Constipation
  6. Weight loss
  7. Variable anemia
  8. Death
  9. Pulmonary symptoms possible during parasite migration
59
Q

How can you prevent Strongyloides stercoralis?

A

Similar to hookworms.

60
Q

How is Strongyloides stercoralis diagnosed?

A

Stool samples

Parastitology/Mycology (5 decks)

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