NEMATODES Flashcards
1
Q
General characteristics of Nematode
A
Adult nematode is elongated, cylindrical worm, primarily bilaterally symmetrical
Anterior end may be equipped with hooks, tooth, plates, and papillae for purpose of abrasion, attachment, and sensory response
Supporting body wall consists of: an outer hyaline, noncelluar cuticle,; subculicular epithelium; and a layer of muscle cells
Alimentary tract is simple tube extending from mouth to anus.
Generally, they have a complete digestive tract and a muscular pharynx that is characteristically triradiate but there is no circulatory system.
Equipped with complete digestive and reproductive systems
They are provided with separate sexes (Dioecious) although some may be parthenogenetic
2
Q
Characteristics of Female Nematode
A
Large
Pointed posterior
No spicule
3
Q
Characteristics of Male Nematode
A
Small
Curved posterior
With spicule
4
Q
Lay immature/ unembryonated/ unsegemented eggs
A
Oviparous
5
Q
Lay embryonated/ mature eggs; lay eggs in segmented stage
A
Oviviparous
6
Q
Lay larva not eggs
A
Larviparous
7
Q
Aphasmid/Adenophorea includes
A
Trichuris
Trichinella
Capillaria
8
Q
Phasmid/Secernentia include
A
The rest of the nematodes
9
Q
Nematodes in Small Intestine
A
Trichinella spiralis adult
Capillaria philippinensis
Ascaris lumbricoides
Strongyloides stercoralis
Hookworm
10
Q
Nematodes in Large Intestine
A
Trichuris trichuria
Enterobius vermicualaris
11
Q
Nematodes in Lymph Node/ Lymph Vessel
A
Wuchureria bancrofti
Brugia malayi
12
Q
Nematode in Eyes And Meninges
A
Agiostrongylus cantonensis
13
Q
Nematode encysted in the host muscle
A
Trichinella spiralis larvae
14
Q
Common names of Ascaris lumbricoides
A
Giant intestinal roundworm
Lumbricus teres
15
Q
Common names of Enterobius vermicularis
A
Pinworm
Oxyuris vermicularis
Seatworm
Social or Society worm
16
Q
Common names of Trichuris trichiura
A
Whipworm
17
Q
Common names of Capillaria phillppinensis
A
Pudoc worm
18
Q
Common names of Necator americanus
A
American hookworm
American murderer
New world hookworm
19
Q
Common names of Ancylostoma
duodenale
A
Old world hookworm
20
Q
Common name of Ancylostoma braziliense
A
Cat hookworm
21
Q
Common name of Ancylostoma caninum
A
Dog hookworm
22
Q
Common name of Strongyloldes stercorals
A
Threadworm
23
Q
Common names of Trichinella spiralls
A
Muscle worm
Garbage worm
24
Q
Common name of Wuchereria bancrofti
A
Bancroft’s filarial worm
25
Common name of Brugia malayi
Malayan filarial worm
26
Common name of Loa loa
Eye worm
27
Common name of Onchocerca volvulus
Blinding worm
28
Common name of Dirofilaria immitis
Dog/canine heartworm
29
Common named of Dracunculus medinensis
Guinea worm
Fiery serpent of the Israelites
Medina worm
Dragon worm
30
Common named of Anisakis
Fish and Marine mammal roundworm
Herring's worm
31
Common name of Toxocara canis
Dog ascarid
32
Common name of Toxocara cati
Cat ascarid
33
Nematodes transmitted thru Ingestion of Embryonated ova
T. trichuria
A. lumbricoides
E. vermicularis
34
Nematodes transmitted thru Ingestion of Larva
C. philippinensis
A. cantonensis
T. spiralis
35
Nematodes transmitted thru Skin penetration
S. stercoralis
Hookworm
36
Nematodes transmitted thru Arthropod vectors
Filarial worms
37
Nematodes transmitted thru Inhalation
E. vermicularis
38
Nematodes transmitted thru Transmammary
S. stercoralis
A. duodenale
39
Most common intestinal nematode of man
Ascaris lumbricoides
40
Infective stage of Ascaris lumbricoides
Embryonated egg
41
Vectors of Ascaris lumbricoides
Cockroach and flies
42
Nematodes exhibiting Heart-Lung Migration
A. lumbricoides
S. stercoralis
Hookworms
43
Soil Transmitted Helminths
Hookworms
A. lumbricoides
T. trichiura
S. stercoralis
43
Unholy trinity
Hookworms
A. lumbricoides
T. trichiura
44
Morphology of adult A. lumbricoides
White, cream or pinkish when fresh
Head is provided with 3 lips and a triangular buccal cavity/ trilobate lips
45
A. lumbricoides egg shell consists of 3 layers:
Inner Viteline/Lipoidal Lecithin layer (not found in unfertilized-egg)
Middle Glycogen layer
Outermost Mammillation/ Corticated layer: Albumin coat for protection
46
Disease caused by A. lumbricoides
Resembling Loeffler's syndrome / Ascaris pneumonitis
47
Eosinophil degradation products
Charcot Leyden crystals
48
Group of adult worms:
Bolus
49
Specimen of choice for the recovery of Ascaris lumbricoides eggs
Stool
50
Medications for Ascaris lumbricoides:
Mebendazole
Pyrantel pamoate
Levamisole
Peperazine citrate
51
Prevention and control measures for soil-transmitted helminths (STH) infection
WASHED (Water, Sanitation, Hygiene, Education, Deworming) framework
52
Most common helminth infection in the world
Enterobius vermicularis
53
Habitat of Enterobius vermicularis
Large Intestine
54
Appearance of Enterobius vermicularis egg
Elongated, ovoid, flattened on ventral
side; D-shaped
55
Describe the embryo of E. vermicularis
Tadpole-like embryo that becomes fully mature outside the host within 4 to 6 hours
56
Egg shell of E. vermicularis is composed of 2 layers:
An outer thick hyaline albuminous shell
Inner embryonic lipoidal membrane
57
Describe the morphology of adult male E. vermicularis
Anterior end with Lateral wings or Cephalic Alae
Has prominent Posterior esophageal bulb
Whitish or brownish
Spindle-shaped
Posterior is ventrally curved; has a single conspicuous copulatory spicule but lacks gubernaculum
58
Describe the morphology of adult female E. vermicularis
Anterior end with Lateral wings or Cephalic Alae
Has prominent Posterior esophageal bulb
Whitish or brownish
Spindle-shaped
Posterior is long, sharp pointed end
59
Most common complaint due to Enterobiasis
Pruritus ani or itching in the perianal region
60
Eggs hatch in the perianal region and the larvae migrate back into intestines
Retroinfection
61
Gold standard for the diagnosis of Enterobiasis
Scotch tape method
62
Most Common Helminth to Infect Man in the Philippines
A. lumbricoides
63
Most Common Helminth to Infect Man in the World
E. vermicularis
64
Habitat of Trichuris trichuria
Large Intestine/Colon
65
Describe the morphology of adult Trichuris trichuria
Flesh colored or pinkish gray worms, slender or attenuated in the anterior
Anterior is attenuated and slender resembling a whip
66
Describe the morphology of Trichuris trichuria egg
Barrel-shaped (Football-shaped) with Bipolar Mucus Plug
Prominent hyaline polar plug
Resembling Japanese Lantern
67
Shape of Capillaria philippinensis egg
Guitar, peanut-shaped
68
Characteristics of C. philippinensis Typical egg
immature eggs
unembryonated eggs
Will go to stool
will go to fresh water where the embryonation process occur
eaten by fish
69
Characteristics of C. philippinensis Atypical egg
segmented egg
embryonated egg
hatch inside the small intestine
responsible for autoinfection (similar to S. stercoralis)
70
Second most common heliminthic infection reported in humans
Hookworm
71
Old World Hookworm
Ancylostoma duodenale
72
Teeth of Ancylostoma duodenale
2 pairs
73
Other names of Necator americanus
American hookwom
American murderer
New World hookworm
74
Teeth of Necator americanus
Semilunar cutting plate
75
Other name of Ancylostoma braziliensis
Cat Hookworm
76
Teeth of Ancylostoma braziliensis
2 pairs of teeth
77
Other name of Ancylostoma caninum
Dog Hookworm
78
Teeth of Ancylostoma caninum
3 pairs
79
Habitat of Hookworm
Small Intestine
80
Shape of N. americanus
S-shaped
81
Shape of A. duodenale
C-shaped
82
Describe copulatory bursa of N. americanus
Bipartite (2 digits) Barbed/ Bristle like
83
Describe copulatory bursa of A. duodenale
Tripartite (3 digits) Simple, Not Barbed
84
How to differentiate Hookworm eggs
Same for all species (indistinguishable)
85
Appearance of Hookworm eggs
Morula balls formation
86
Describe Hookworm eggs
Ovoidal, thin-shelled and colorless
87
Characteristics of Hookworm L1 Rhabditiform Larva
1st Stage larva
Short and Stout
Open Mouth: Feeding Stage
Long Buccal Cavity
Short/Small Genital Primordium
88
Characteristics of Hookworm L3 Filariform Larva
2nd Stage Larva
Long and Slender
Closed mouth: Nonfeeding Stage
Sheathed, Pointed Tail
89
Diseases caused by Hookworm
Ground itch
Dew itch
Wakana’s disease
90
Allergic reaction caused by Hookworm
Ground itch
91
Disease caused by Animal Hookworm
Creeping eruption or Cutaneous Larva Migrans (CLM)
92
Pulmonary Lesions and Hemorrhage caused by Hookwom
Wakana disease
93
Symptoms of Wakana disease
Pneumonia and alveolar hemorrhage, bloody sputum
94
Type of anemia caused by Hookworm
Iron Deficiency Anemia
Microcytic Hypochromic Anemia
95
Drugs of choice to treat Hookworm infections
Mebendazole or Pyrantel pamoate
96
Hookworm that may be associated with vertical transmission and congenital infections
Ancylostoma duodenale
97
Smallest nematode infecting man
Strongyloides stercoralis
98
Female threadworms are capable od
Parthenogenesis/ self-fertilization
99
Habitat of Strongyloides stercoralis
Small Intestine
100
Intestinal nematode capable pf causing internal autoinfection
Strongyloides stercoralis
101
Characteristics of Threadworm L1 Rhabditiform Larva
Short buccal cavity
Prominent genital primordium
102
Characteristics of Hookworm L3 Filariform Larva
Unsheathed with notched tail
103
Appearance of S. stercoralis egg
Chinese Lantern appearance
104
Disease caused by S. stercoralis
Cochin China Diarrhea
Vietnam Diarrhea (Intermittent Diarhea)
105
Appearance of the intestinal mucosa infected with S. stercoralis
Honeycomb appearance
106
Treatment for S. stercoralis infection
Thiabendazole
Albendazole
Ivermectin
107
Causative agent of Swollen Body Syndrome
Strongyloides fulleborni
108
Nematode that causes highest level of eosinophilia
Trichinella spiralis
109
Disease caused by T. spiralis
Trichinosis/Trichiniasis/Trichinellosis
110
The Great Imitator
Trichinella spiralis
111
Habitat of T.spiralis adult
Small Intestine
112
Habitat of T.spiralis larva
Encysted in striated muscle (skeletal muscle)
113
Laboratory procedures for the specific diagnosis of Trichinosis
Muscle biopsy
Bentonite flocculation test
Bachman intradermal test
Beck’s xenodiagnosis
114
Filarial worms in subcutaneous tissues
Loa loa
Mansonella streptocerca
Onchocerca volvulus
115
Filarial worms in serous cavities
Mansonella spp.
116
Filarial worms in lymphatics
Wuchereria bancrofti
Brugia malayi
Brugia timori
117
Rhythmical pattern of vector feeding
Periodicity
118
Only specific time where parasites are found in the blood
Periodic
119
Time range for diurnal periodic
10 am to 2pm
120
Time range for nocturnal periodic
10 pm to 2 am
121
Parasites can be found anytime in the blood but are abundant in specific time
Subperiodic
122
Time range for diurnal subperiodic
10 am to 2pm
123
Time range for nocturnal subperiodic
10 pm to 2 am
124
Parasites can be found anytime in the blood in abundance
Nonperiodic
125
Worms residing into the lymph nodes which results to swelling, lymphangitis, and lymphedema
Acute Lymphatic filariasis
126
Crippling condition which results from extended periods of filarial infection.
Elephantiasis
127
Fluid-filled sac within the scrotum, causing enlargement of testis
Hydrocele formation
128
Results from lymphatic rupture and fluid entering urine
Chyluria
129
Urine clarity of chyluric urine
Milky or Opaque
130
Results when both Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi are present
Kokei syndrome
131
Transient swelling of subcutaneous tissues
Calabar swelling
132
Characteristics of Occult filariasis
With pulmonary or asthmatic symptoms
No microfilariae found in the blood
Hidden deep in the body such as lungs
133
Most common identified species of filarial worms that infect humans
Wuchereria bancrofti
134
Infection caused by Wuchereria bancrofti
Bancroft’s filariasis or elephantiasis
135
W. bancrofti infects
Lower lymphatics
136
Disease caused by Brugia malayi
Malayan filariasis or elephantiasis
137
B. malayi infects
Upper lymphatics
138
Microscopic view of W. bancrofti
Sexy curves
139
Microscopic view of B. malayi
Secondary curves/Kinky curves
140
Movement of W. bancrofti
Graceful/smooth
141
Movement of B. malayi
Kinky/stiff appearance
142
Disease caused by Loa loa
Loiasis
143
Disease caused by Onchocerca volvulus
River blindness
144
New world filaria
Mansonella ozzardi
145
Common name of Mansonella perstans
Perstans filaria
146
Known for its tail as Shepherd’s Crook in appearance
Mansonella streptocerca
147
Periodicity of W. bancrofti
Nocturnal periodic
148
Periodicity of B. malayi
Nocturnal subperiodic
149
Periodicity of L. loa
Diurnal
150
Periodicity of O. volvulus
Nonperiodic
151
Periodicity of M. ozzardi
Nonperiodic
152
Periodicity of M. perstans
Nonperiodic
153
Method of choice for determination of microfilariae
Giemsa stained blood
154
Treatment for filarial infection
Ivermectin
Diethylcarbamazine
155
A very common filarial parasite of dogs
Dirofilaria immitis
156
Infection by D. immitis is characterized by
Solitary, peripheral nodules in the lungs (coin lesion appearance), or as subcutaneous nodule
157
Longest nematode
Dracunculus medinensis
158
Habitat of D. medinensis
Subcutaneous tissue (varicose veins)
159
Treatment for Dracunculus medinensis infection
NO TREATMENT; ONLY REMOVAL OF THE PARASITE
160
Disease caused by Parastrongylus cantonensis
CEREBRAL ANGIOSTRONGYLIASIS (Migrates to the brain and spinal cord, causing Eosinophilic meningoencephalitis)
161
Appearance of adult female Parastrongylus cantonensis
Barber’s pole appearance
162
Causative agent of Abdominal Angiostrongyliasis
Parastrongylus costaricensis
163
Disease caused by Anisakis spp.
Herring’s disease
164
Toxocara canis causes
Visceral Larva Migrans
165
Toxocara cati causes
Ocular Larva Migrans
