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EXO-NOTES > NEMATODES > Flashcards

NEMATODES Flashcards

1
Q

General characteristics of Nematode

A

Adult nematode is elongated, cylindrical worm, primarily bilaterally symmetrical
Anterior end may be equipped with hooks, tooth, plates, and papillae for purpose of abrasion, attachment, and sensory response
Supporting body wall consists of: an outer hyaline, noncelluar cuticle,; subculicular epithelium; and a layer of muscle cells
Alimentary tract is simple tube extending from mouth to anus.
Generally, they have a complete digestive tract and a muscular pharynx that is characteristically triradiate but there is no circulatory system.
Equipped with complete digestive and reproductive systems
They are provided with separate sexes (Dioecious) although some may be parthenogenetic

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2
Q

Characteristics of Female Nematode

A

Large
Pointed posterior
No spicule

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3
Q

Characteristics of Male Nematode

A

Small
Curved posterior
With spicule

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4
Q

Lay immature/ unembryonated/ unsegemented eggs

A

Oviparous

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5
Q

Lay embryonated/ mature eggs; lay eggs in segmented stage

A

Oviviparous

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6
Q

Lay larva not eggs

A

Larviparous

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7
Q

Aphasmid/Adenophorea includes

A

Trichuris
Trichinella
Capillaria

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8
Q

Phasmid/Secernentia include

A

The rest of the nematodes

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9
Q

Nematodes in Small Intestine

A

Trichinella spiralis adult
Capillaria philippinensis
Ascaris lumbricoides
Strongyloides stercoralis
Hookworm

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10
Q

Nematodes in Large Intestine

A

Trichuris trichuria
Enterobius vermicualaris

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11
Q

Nematodes in Lymph Node/ Lymph Vessel

A

Wuchureria bancrofti
Brugia malayi

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12
Q

Nematode in Eyes And Meninges

A

Agiostrongylus cantonensis

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13
Q

Nematode encysted in the host muscle

A

Trichinella spiralis larvae

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14
Q

Common names of Ascaris lumbricoides

A

Giant intestinal roundworm
Lumbricus teres

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15
Q

Common names of Enterobius vermicularis

A

Pinworm
Oxyuris vermicularis
Seatworm
Social or Society worm

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16
Q

Common names of Trichuris trichiura

A

Whipworm

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17
Q

Common names of Capillaria phillppinensis

A

Pudoc worm

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18
Q

Common names of Necator americanus

A

American hookworm
American murderer
New world hookworm

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19
Q

Common names of Ancylostoma
duodenale

A

Old world hookworm

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20
Q

Common name of Ancylostoma braziliense

A

Cat hookworm

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21
Q

Common name of Ancylostoma caninum

A

Dog hookworm

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22
Q

Common name of Strongyloldes stercorals

A

Threadworm

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23
Q

Common names of Trichinella spiralls

A

Muscle worm
Garbage worm

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24
Q

Common name of Wuchereria bancrofti

A

Bancroft’s filarial worm

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25
Q

Common name of Brugia malayi

A

Malayan filarial worm

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26
Q

Common name of Loa loa

A

Eye worm

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27
Q

Common name of Onchocerca volvulus

A

Blinding worm

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28
Q

Common name of Dirofilaria immitis

A

Dog/canine heartworm

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29
Q

Common named of Dracunculus medinensis

A

Guinea worm
Fiery serpent of the Israelites
Medina worm
Dragon worm

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30
Q

Common named of Anisakis

A

Fish and Marine mammal roundworm
Herring’s worm

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31
Q

Common name of Toxocara canis

A

Dog ascarid

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32
Q

Common name of Toxocara cati

A

Cat ascarid

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33
Q

Nematodes transmitted thru Ingestion of Embryonated ova

A

T. trichuria
A. lumbricoides
E. vermicularis

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34
Q

Nematodes transmitted thru Ingestion of Larva

A

C. philippinensis
A. cantonensis
T. spiralis

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35
Q

Nematodes transmitted thru Skin penetration

A

S. stercoralis
Hookworm

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36
Q

Nematodes transmitted thru Arthropod vectors

A

Filarial worms

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37
Q

Nematodes transmitted thru Inhalation

A

E. vermicularis

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38
Q

Nematodes transmitted thru Transmammary

A

S. stercoralis
A. duodenale

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39
Q

Most common intestinal nematode of man

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

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40
Q

Infective stage of Ascaris lumbricoides

A

Embryonated egg

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41
Q

Vectors of Ascaris lumbricoides

A

Cockroach and flies

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42
Q

Nematodes exhibiting Heart-Lung Migration

A

A. lumbricoides
S. stercoralis
Hookworms

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43
Q

Soil Transmitted Helminths

A

Hookworms
A. lumbricoides
T. trichiura
S. stercoralis

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43
Q

Unholy trinity

A

Hookworms
A. lumbricoides
T. trichiura

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44
Q

Morphology of adult A. lumbricoides

A

White, cream or pinkish when fresh
Head is provided with 3 lips and a triangular buccal cavity/ trilobate lips

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45
Q

A. lumbricoides egg shell consists of 3 layers:

A

Inner Viteline/Lipoidal Lecithin layer (not found in unfertilized-egg)
Middle Glycogen layer
Outermost Mammillation/ Corticated layer: Albumin coat for protection

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46
Q

Disease caused by A. lumbricoides

A

Resembling Loeffler’s syndrome / Ascaris pneumonitis

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47
Q

Eosinophil degradation products

A

Charcot Leyden crystals

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48
Q

Group of adult worms:

A

Bolus

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49
Q

Specimen of choice for the recovery of Ascaris lumbricoides eggs

A

Stool

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50
Q

Medications for Ascaris lumbricoides:

A

Mebendazole
Pyrantel pamoate
Levamisole
Peperazine citrate

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51
Q

Prevention and control measures for soil-transmitted helminths (STH) infection

A

WASHED (Water, Sanitation, Hygiene, Education, Deworming) framework

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52
Q

Most common helminth infection in the world

A

Enterobius vermicularis

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53
Q

Habitat of Enterobius vermicularis

A

Large Intestine

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54
Q

Appearance of Enterobius vermicularis egg

A

Elongated, ovoid, flattened on ventral
side; D-shaped

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55
Q

Describe the embryo of E. vermicularis

A

Tadpole-like embryo that becomes fully mature outside the host within 4 to 6 hours

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56
Q

Egg shell of E. vermicularis is composed of 2 layers:

A

An outer thick hyaline albuminous shell
Inner embryonic lipoidal membrane

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57
Q

Describe the morphology of adult male E. vermicularis

A

Anterior end with Lateral wings or Cephalic Alae
Has prominent Posterior esophageal bulb
Whitish or brownish
Spindle-shaped
Posterior is ventrally curved; has a single conspicuous copulatory spicule but lacks gubernaculum

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58
Q

Describe the morphology of adult female E. vermicularis

A

Anterior end with Lateral wings or Cephalic Alae
Has prominent Posterior esophageal bulb
Whitish or brownish
Spindle-shaped
Posterior is long, sharp pointed end

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59
Q

Most common complaint due to Enterobiasis

A

Pruritus ani or itching in the perianal region

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60
Q

Eggs hatch in the perianal region and the larvae migrate back into intestines

A

Retroinfection

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61
Q

Gold standard for the diagnosis of Enterobiasis

A

Scotch tape method

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62
Q

Most Common Helminth to Infect Man in the Philippines

A

A. lumbricoides

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63
Q

Most Common Helminth to Infect Man in the World

A

E. vermicularis

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64
Q

Habitat of Trichuris trichuria

A

Large Intestine/Colon

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65
Q

Describe the morphology of adult Trichuris trichuria

A

Flesh colored or pinkish gray worms, slender or attenuated in the anterior
Anterior is attenuated and slender resembling a whip

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66
Q

Describe the morphology of Trichuris trichuria egg

A

Barrel-shaped (Football-shaped) with Bipolar Mucus Plug
Prominent hyaline polar plug
Resembling Japanese Lantern

67
Q

Shape of Capillaria philippinensis egg

A

Guitar, peanut-shaped

68
Q

Characteristics of C. philippinensis Typical egg

A

immature eggs
unembryonated eggs
Will go to stool
will go to fresh water where the embryonation process occur
eaten by fish

69
Q

Characteristics of C. philippinensis Atypical egg

A

segmented egg
embryonated egg
hatch inside the small intestine
responsible for autoinfection (similar to S. stercoralis)

70
Q

Second most common heliminthic infection reported in humans

A

Hookworm

71
Q

Old World Hookworm

A

Ancylostoma duodenale

72
Q

Teeth of Ancylostoma duodenale

A

2 pairs

73
Q

Other names of Necator americanus

A

American hookwom
American murderer
New World hookworm

74
Q

Teeth of Necator americanus

A

Semilunar cutting plate

75
Q

Other name of Ancylostoma braziliensis

A

Cat Hookworm

76
Q

Teeth of Ancylostoma braziliensis

A

2 pairs of teeth

77
Q

Other name of Ancylostoma caninum

A

Dog Hookworm

78
Q

Teeth of Ancylostoma caninum

A

3 pairs

79
Q

Habitat of Hookworm

A

Small Intestine

80
Q

Shape of N. americanus

A

S-shaped

81
Q

Shape of A. duodenale

A

C-shaped

82
Q

Describe copulatory bursa of N. americanus

A

Bipartite (2 digits) Barbed/ Bristle like

83
Q

Describe copulatory bursa of A. duodenale

A

Tripartite (3 digits) Simple, Not Barbed

84
Q

How to differentiate Hookworm eggs

A

Same for all species (indistinguishable)

85
Q

Appearance of Hookworm eggs

A

Morula balls formation

86
Q

Describe Hookworm eggs

A

Ovoidal, thin-shelled and colorless

87
Q

Characteristics of Hookworm L1 Rhabditiform Larva

A

1st Stage larva
Short and Stout
Open Mouth: Feeding Stage
Long Buccal Cavity
Short/Small Genital Primordium

88
Q

Characteristics of Hookworm L3 Filariform Larva

A

2nd Stage Larva
Long and Slender
Closed mouth: Nonfeeding Stage
Sheathed, Pointed Tail

89
Q

Diseases caused by Hookworm

A

Ground itch
Dew itch
Wakana’s disease

90
Q

Allergic reaction caused by Hookworm

A

Ground itch

91
Q

Disease caused by Animal Hookworm

A

Creeping eruption or Cutaneous Larva Migrans (CLM)

92
Q

Pulmonary Lesions and Hemorrhage caused by Hookwom

A

Wakana disease

93
Q

Symptoms of Wakana disease

A

Pneumonia and alveolar hemorrhage, bloody sputum

94
Q

Type of anemia caused by Hookworm

A

Iron Deficiency Anemia
Microcytic Hypochromic Anemia

95
Q

Drugs of choice to treat Hookworm infections

A

Mebendazole or Pyrantel pamoate

96
Q

Hookworm that may be associated with vertical transmission and congenital infections

A

Ancylostoma duodenale

97
Q

Smallest nematode infecting man

A

Strongyloides stercoralis

98
Q

Female threadworms are capable od

A

Parthenogenesis/ self-fertilization

99
Q

Habitat of Strongyloides stercoralis

A

Small Intestine

100
Q

Intestinal nematode capable pf causing internal autoinfection

A

Strongyloides stercoralis

101
Q

Characteristics of Threadworm L1 Rhabditiform Larva

A

Short buccal cavity
Prominent genital primordium

102
Q

Characteristics of Hookworm L3 Filariform Larva

A

Unsheathed with notched tail

103
Q

Appearance of S. stercoralis egg

A

Chinese Lantern appearance

104
Q

Disease caused by S. stercoralis

A

Cochin China Diarrhea
Vietnam Diarrhea (Intermittent Diarhea)

105
Q

Appearance of the intestinal mucosa infected with S. stercoralis

A

Honeycomb appearance

106
Q

Treatment for S. stercoralis infection

A

Thiabendazole
Albendazole
Ivermectin

107
Q

Causative agent of Swollen Body Syndrome

A

Strongyloides fulleborni

108
Q

Nematode that causes highest level of eosinophilia

A

Trichinella spiralis

109
Q

Disease caused by T. spiralis

A

Trichinosis/Trichiniasis/Trichinellosis

110
Q

The Great Imitator

A

Trichinella spiralis

111
Q

Habitat of T.spiralis adult

A

Small Intestine

112
Q

Habitat of T.spiralis larva

A

Encysted in striated muscle (skeletal muscle)

113
Q

Laboratory procedures for the specific diagnosis of Trichinosis

A

Muscle biopsy
Bentonite flocculation test
Bachman intradermal test
Beck’s xenodiagnosis

114
Q

Filarial worms in subcutaneous tissues

A

Loa loa
Mansonella streptocerca
Onchocerca volvulus

115
Q

Filarial worms in serous cavities

A

Mansonella spp.

116
Q

Filarial worms in lymphatics

A

Wuchereria bancrofti
Brugia malayi
Brugia timori

117
Q

Rhythmical pattern of vector feeding

A

Periodicity

118
Q

Only specific time where parasites are found in the blood

A

Periodic

119
Q

Time range for diurnal periodic

A

10 am to 2pm

120
Q

Time range for nocturnal periodic

A

10 pm to 2 am

121
Q

Parasites can be found anytime in the blood but are abundant in specific time

A

Subperiodic

122
Q

Time range for diurnal subperiodic

A

10 am to 2pm

123
Q

Time range for nocturnal subperiodic

A

10 pm to 2 am

124
Q

Parasites can be found anytime in the blood in abundance

A

Nonperiodic

125
Q

Worms residing into the lymph nodes which results to swelling, lymphangitis, and lymphedema

A

Acute Lymphatic filariasis

126
Q

Crippling condition which results from extended periods of filarial infection.

A

Elephantiasis

127
Q

Fluid-filled sac within the scrotum, causing enlargement of testis

A

Hydrocele formation

128
Q

Results from lymphatic rupture and fluid entering urine

A

Chyluria

129
Q

Urine clarity of chyluric urine

A

Milky or Opaque

130
Q

Results when both Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi are present

A

Kokei syndrome

131
Q

Transient swelling of subcutaneous tissues

A

Calabar swelling

132
Q

Characteristics of Occult filariasis

A

With pulmonary or asthmatic symptoms
No microfilariae found in the blood
Hidden deep in the body such as lungs

133
Q

Most common identified species of filarial worms that infect humans

A

Wuchereria bancrofti

134
Q

Infection caused by Wuchereria bancrofti

A

Bancroft’s filariasis or elephantiasis

135
Q

W. bancrofti infects

A

Lower lymphatics

136
Q

Disease caused by Brugia malayi

A

Malayan filariasis or elephantiasis

137
Q

B. malayi infects

A

Upper lymphatics

138
Q

Microscopic view of W. bancrofti

A

Sexy curves

139
Q

Microscopic view of B. malayi

A

Secondary curves/Kinky curves

140
Q

Movement of W. bancrofti

A

Graceful/smooth

141
Q

Movement of B. malayi

A

Kinky/stiff appearance

142
Q

Disease caused by Loa loa

A

Loiasis

143
Q

Disease caused by Onchocerca volvulus

A

River blindness

144
Q

New world filaria

A

Mansonella ozzardi

145
Q

Common name of Mansonella perstans

A

Perstans filaria

146
Q

Known for its tail as Shepherd’s Crook in appearance

A

Mansonella streptocerca

147
Q

Periodicity of W. bancrofti

A

Nocturnal periodic

148
Q

Periodicity of B. malayi

A

Nocturnal subperiodic

149
Q

Periodicity of L. loa

A

Diurnal

150
Q

Periodicity of O. volvulus

A

Nonperiodic

151
Q

Periodicity of M. ozzardi

A

Nonperiodic

152
Q

Periodicity of M. perstans

A

Nonperiodic

153
Q

Method of choice for determination of microfilariae

A

Giemsa stained blood

154
Q

Treatment for filarial infection

A

Ivermectin
Diethylcarbamazine

155
Q

A very common filarial parasite of dogs

A

Dirofilaria immitis

156
Q

Infection by D. immitis is characterized by

A

Solitary, peripheral nodules in the lungs (coin lesion appearance), or as subcutaneous nodule

157
Q

Longest nematode

A

Dracunculus medinensis

158
Q

Habitat of D. medinensis

A

Subcutaneous tissue (varicose veins)

159
Q

Treatment for Dracunculus medinensis infection

A

NO TREATMENT; ONLY REMOVAL OF THE PARASITE

160
Q

Disease caused by Parastrongylus cantonensis

A

CEREBRAL ANGIOSTRONGYLIASIS (Migrates to the brain and spinal cord, causing Eosinophilic meningoencephalitis)

161
Q

Appearance of adult female Parastrongylus cantonensis

A

Barber’s pole appearance

162
Q

Causative agent of Abdominal Angiostrongyliasis

A

Parastrongylus costaricensis

163
Q

Disease caused by Anisakis spp.

A

Herring’s disease

164
Q

Toxocara canis causes

A

Visceral Larva Migrans

165
Q

Toxocara cati causes

A

Ocular Larva Migrans

EXO-NOTES (5 decks)

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