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EXO-NOTES > INTRODUCTION TO PARASITOLOGY > Flashcards

INTRODUCTION TO PARASITOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

Area of biology with the phenomenon of dependence of one living organism on another (live on and obtain their nutrients)

A

Parasitology

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2
Q

Living together the association of two living organisms, each of a different species

A

Symbiosis

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3
Q

Association of two different species of organisms that is beneficial to one and neutral to the other

A

Commensalism

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4
Q

Association of two different species of organisms that is beneficial to both

A

Mutualism

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5
Q

Association of two different species of organisms that is beneficial to one at the other’s expense

A

Parasitism

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6
Q

Relating to commensalism; the association between two different organisms in which one benefits and has a neutral effect on the other

A

Commensal

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7
Q

Parasite that has demonstrated the ability to cause disease

A

Pathogenic

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8
Q

Parasite living inside the body of a host

A

Endoparasite

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9
Q

The presence of an endoparasite causes

A

Infection

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10
Q

Parasite living outside the body of a host

A

Ectoparasite

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11
Q

The presence of an ectoparasite causes

A

Infestation

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12
Q

Parasite that depends entirely upon host for existence

A

Obligate Parasite

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13
Q

May exist in a free-living state or may become parasitic when the need arises

A

Facultative

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14
Q

Parasite which establishes itself in a host where it does not ordinarily live.

A

Incidental/Accidental Parasite

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15
Q

Remains in or on a host for its entire life cycle

A

Permanent

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16
Q

Lives in the host for a short period of time

A

Temporary Parasite

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17
Q

Free-living organism that passes through the digestive tract without infecting the host

A

Spurious

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18
Q

Harbors the sexual stage / adult stage of the parasite

A

Definitive/Final host

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19
Q

Harbors the asexual or larval stage of the parasite

A

Intermediate host

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20
Q

Harbors the parasite; it will only serve as a transport medium; no further development occurs.

A

Paratenic host

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21
Q

Harbors parasite; allows the parasite life cycle to continue and become additional sources of human infection

A

Reservoir host

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22
Q

Sources of infection

A

Soil
Water
Food
Arthropods
Animals
Another person
Autoinfection

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23
Q

Modes of transmission

A

Sexual Intercourse
Inhalation of airborne eggs
Mouth / Ingestion / Oral – Fecal Route
Skin penetration
Arthropods
Congenital Transmission
Transmammary infection

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24
Q

Most common mode of transmission

A

Ingestion

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25
Q

Responsible for transmitting the parasite from one host to another

A

Vectors

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26
Q

3 P’s of Parasitoloogy

A

Parasite
People
Poverty

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27
Q

Vector that is essential to parasite life cycle

A

Biologic Vector

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28
Q

Vector that only transport parasite

A

Mechanical

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29
Q

Morphologic forms that invade humans

A

Infective stage

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30
Q

Morphologic form detected via laboratory retrieval method

A

Diagnostic stage

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31
Q

What is the importance of knowing the life cycle of parasite?

A

Helps in deciding the specimen to be collected, frequency, and timing of the collection

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32
Q

Body areas commonly associate with parasitism

A

Gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts
Blood and tissue
Liver, lung and other major organs
Miscellaneous locations such as cerebrospinal fluid, eye, skin and extremities

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33
Q

Most common symptoms associated with parasitic disease processes

A

Diarrhea
Abdominal pain
Fever
Abdominal cramping
Chills

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34
Q

Most commonly submitted sample in the laboratory

A

Stool

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35
Q

The most common procedure in the examination of stool

A

Ova and Parasites (O&P) Examination

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36
Q

3 separate protocols of stool examination

A

Direct wet smear
Concentration technique
Permanent stained smear

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37
Q

Stool examination that provides preliminary result

A

Direct wet smear
Concentration technique

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38
Q

Stool examination that provides definitive result

A

Permanent stained smear

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39
Q

Typical stool collection protocol consists of how many specimen?

A

3 specimens

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40
Q

Number of stool sample/s required to diagnose amobiasis

A

6 stool samples for 14 days

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41
Q

Stool samples are best collected using

A

Clean, wide-mouthed containers made of waxed cardboard or plastic with a tight-fitting lid

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42
Q

Ideal amount of formed stool for examination

A

Thumb size/walnut-sized specimen (2-5g)

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43
Q

Ideal amount of watery stool for examination

A

5-6 tablespoons of watery stool

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44
Q

Liquid stools should be examined within

A

30 minutes

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45
Q

Semiformed stools should be examined within

A

Within 60 minutes

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46
Q

Formed stools should be examined within

A

Up to 24 hours

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47
Q

Storage requirement for stool specimen

A

3-5C/Refrigerator temperature

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48
Q

Effect of refrigeration to trophozoites

A

It kills it

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49
Q

Should we freeze or incubate stool samples when there is a delay in examination?

A

Never freeze, never keep them in incubator

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50
Q

Medications that may interfere with the detection of parasites

A

Barium
Bismuth
Laxatives
Anti-diarrheals

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51
Q

How to collect specimens in patient using medications?

A

Stool should be collected prior the therapy or a week (5-7 days) after the last intake of these drugs

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52
Q

When should we collect specimen from patients using antibiotics or antimalarial drugs?

A

2 weeks following therapy

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53
Q

Normal color of stool

A

Brown

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54
Q

Indication of black stool

A

May indicate upper GI tract bleeding

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55
Q

Indication of fresh blood in stool

A

May indicate lower GI tract bleeding

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56
Q

Soft or liquid stools may suggest the presence of

A

Protozoan Trophozoites

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57
Q

Formed stool may suggest the presence of

A

Cysts

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58
Q

Liquid or Formed stools may suggest the presence of

A

Helminth eggs

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59
Q

All-purpose fixative

A

Formalin

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60
Q

Stool : Preservative Ratio

A

1:3

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61
Q

Formalin concentration recommended for protozoan cyst

A

5%

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62
Q

Formalin concentration recommended for helminth eggs and larvae

A

10%

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63
Q

Fixative that is routinely used for direct examinations and concentration

A

Formalin

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64
Q

Can we use formalin for permanent stained smear?

A

No

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65
Q

Considered the gold standard fixative

A

Schaudinn’s solution

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66
Q

Advantage of Schaudinn’s solution

A

Permanent stained smear / excellent preservation

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67
Q

Disadvantage of Schaudinn’s solution

A

Contains mercuric chloride (highly toxic)

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68
Q

Plastic resin that serves to adhere to stool sample onto slide

A

Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)

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69
Q

Advantage of Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)

A

Preparation for permanent stained smear

70
Q

Disadvantage of Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)

A

Not good for concentration technique and antigen tests; use of mercuric chloride

71
Q

Advantage of Sodium Acetate Formalin

A

Mercury free, used for concentration technique permanent stained smear, and can be used for staining with modified acid fast stain to detect coccidian oocyst

72
Q

Disadvantage of Sodium Acetate Formalin

A

Images are not as sharp after staining

73
Q

Eco-friendly fixative

A

Modified Polyvinyl Alcohol

74
Q

Advantage of Modified Polyvinyl Alcohol

A

Mercury free

75
Q

Specimen required for Direct wet preparation/ Direct Fecal Smear/ Direct Wet Mount

A

Fresh stool

76
Q

Purpose of Direct wet preparation/ Direct Fecal Smear/ Direct Wet Mount

A

To observe motile trophozoites

77
Q

Saline concentration for the detection of trophozoites

A

Saline (0.85% NaCl) mount

78
Q

What is the purpose of Glycerine in Kato Thick smear?

A

Clearing solution

79
Q

What is the purpose of Malachite green in Kato Thick smear?

A

Minimize background

80
Q

Kato Thick smear is good in detecting eggs with ____ but not for ____

A

Thick shells; hookworms

80
Q

Does the Kato Thick smear technique able to detect protozoan cyst and trophozoites?

A

No

81
Q

What is the purpose of concentration techniques?

A

To detect small numbers of parasites
To remove debris that might mask the parasites

82
Q

Can we use concentration technique to detect protozoan trophozoites? Why?

A

No, protozoan trophozoites do not usually survive the procedure

83
Q

Advantage of Sedimentation techniques

A

Good for heavy eggs; settles at the bottom

84
Q

Advantage of Floatation technique

A

Good for Light eggs: egg floats

85
Q

Clinical importance of Sedimentation technique

A

Best technique for the recovery of Schistosoma (heavy spine), Operculated eggs, Trematode eggs, Cestode eggs, Trichuris trichuria eggs and Capillaria philippinensis

86
Q

Clinical importance of Floatation technique

A

Best technique for recovery of Protozoan cyst, Nematode eggs except Trichuris trichuria eggs and Capillaria philippinensis (heavy due to bipolar plugs)

87
Q

Most widely used sedimentation technique

A

Formalin-Ethyl Acetate Concentration Technique

88
Q

Main reagents of FEACT and their functions

A

10% Formalin: all purpose fixative
Ether/ Ethyl acetate: dissolves neutral fats/ lipids and CHO

89
Q

Main reagent of Zinc Sulfate Floatation

A

33% Zinc solution

90
Q

In Zinc Sulfate Floatation, what is the specific gravity of fresh tool specimen?

A

1.18

91
Q

In Zinc Sulfate Floatation, what is the specific gravity of formalin preserved specimen?

A

1.20

92
Q

What happens if parasites are exposed to high specific gravity?

A

Distortion and shrinkage of protozoan cyst and thin walled nematode eggs may occur

93
Q

Best for recovery of coccidian oocysts

A

Sheather’s Sugar Floatation

94
Q

Coccidian species detected by Sheather’s Sugar Floatation

A

Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora, Cytoisospora

95
Q

Final procedure in the O & P examination

A

Permanent Stains

96
Q

Why is it that permanent stains are not recommended for the identification of helminth eggs or larvae?

A

These parasites stain too dark or appear distorted

97
Q

Helminth eggs and larvae are best detected and identified using

A

Concentration technique

98
Q

Sample of choice in permanent stain procedure

A

PVA preserved specimen

99
Q

How does permanent stain slides are reviewed?

A

Slides are reviewed under OIO; 300 fields are reviewed before considered negative

100
Q

Most widely used permanent stain

A

Wheatley Trichrome

101
Q

Stain used for the detection of oocyst of coccidians

A

Modified Acid Fast

102
Q

Difference between Modified Acid Fast and Conventional Acid Fast

A

Weaker decolorizer - 1-3% Sulfuric Acid

103
Q

Stain used for the detection of Microsporidia

A

Modified Trichrome

104
Q

Difference between Modified Trichrome and Conventional Trichrome

A

10x more dye

105
Q

Uses a measured amount of stool which has been sieved through a wire mesh

A

Kato-Katz Method

106
Q

Kato-Katz Method is useful for assessing the intensity of infection with

A

(SHAT)
Schistosoma
Hookworm
Ascaris
Trichiuris

107
Q

Standard multiplication factor of Kato-Katz Method

A

24

108
Q

In Kato-Katz method, the cellophane coverslips must be soak in the glycerine mixture for at least

A

24 hours

109
Q

Most widely used dilution egg counting procedure

A

Stoll dilution egg count

110
Q

Stool diluent used in Stoll dilution egg count and its function

A

0.1 NaOH; saponifies fat and frees egg from debris

111
Q

Amount of sample required in Stoll dilution egg count

A

4g feces

112
Q

What is the factor to determine EPG in Stoll dilution egg count

A

100

113
Q

Baermann Funnel Technique is based on

A

Active migration or movement of larvae from feces suspended in water

114
Q

In Bearmann procedure, what is the material used to wrap stools that are mixed with moist soil?

A

Gauze/Cheeseclot

115
Q

Uses test tubes and filter paper strips

A

Harada – Mori / Test tube method culture

116
Q

Test used to differentiate Hookworms from Threadworms

A

Harada – Mori / Test tube method culture

117
Q

In the Harada-Mori test how do you determine if the larva is hookworm or threadworm?

A

Filariform larva will move downwards and be recovered from the water at the bottom of the tube
Strongyloides larvae may instead move upwards and accumulate at the upper end of the filter paper strip

118
Q

Test used to collect duodenal aspirate for the diagnosis of Giardiasis

A

Enteric Capsule Test/Entero Test/String test

119
Q

When performing EnteroTest, how do you determine if the yarn actually reached the duodenum?

A

Yarn must be color green or yellow-green due to the uptake of bile (bile is secreted in the duodenum)

120
Q

Gold standard for the detection E. vermicularis

A

Cellophane Tape Preparation / Scotch Tape Method

121
Q

Ideal time to collect specimen when using Scotch Tape Method?

A

Early in the morning before the patient has taken a bath or before the patient has washed the perineum. Or late at night

122
Q

Why does E. vermicularis eggs are rarely seen in stool?

A

They can hatch at a very short period of time

123
Q

Demonstation and rapid diagnosis of malarial parasites

A

Thick films

124
Q

Useful in species identification

A

Thin smears

125
Q

Stain of choice in Thin smear

A

Giemsa

126
Q

How should we review Thin smear slides?

A

300 or more OIF in 15 to 20 minutes

127
Q

Capillary tube used in Capillary Tube method

A

Heparinized capillary tube

128
Q

Concentration technique used in cases of low microfilaria

A

Knott’s Concentration Technique

129
Q

Efficient technique when microfilaria are of low density

A

Membrane Filtration Technique

130
Q

Medium used for the recovery of hemoflagellates

A

Novy-Mcneal-Nicole (NNN medium)

131
Q

Culture medium used for opportunistic free-living amoebas

A

Culture on non-nutrient agar seeded with Eschericia coli

132
Q

Causes African sleeping sickness

A

Trypanosoma brucei complex

133
Q

Useful in the diagnosis of Trichinella spiralis

A

Muscle biopsy

134
Q

Method of choice for the detection of Onchocerca volvulus

A

Skin biopsy / Skin nips

135
Q

Best specimen to examine for the detection of P. westermanii egg

A

First morning specimen (sputum)

136
Q

Inductants used to increase the amount of sputum collection

A

10% sodium chloride or hydrogen peroxide

137
Q

The use of antihelminthic drugs in an individual or public health

A

Deworming

138
Q

Refers to the number of previously positive subjects found to be egg-negative on examination of a stool or urine sample using a standard procedure at a set time after deworming

A

Cure Rate

139
Q

Is the percentage fall in egg counts after deworming based on examination of a stool or urine sample using standard procedure at a set time after treatment

A

Egg reduction Rate

140
Q

Involves individual level deworming with selection for treatment based on a diagnosis of infection or an assessment of the intensity of infection or based on presumptive grounds

A

Selective Treatment

141
Q

Group level deworming where the risk group to be treated may be defined by age, sex, or other social characteristics irrespective of infection status

A

Targeted Treatment

142
Q

Is population level deworming in which the community is treated irresepective of age, sex, infection status or other social characteristics

A

Universal Treatment

143
Q

Refers to the proportion of the target population reached by an intervention

A

Coverage

144
Q

Is a genetically transmitted loss of susceptibility to a drug in a parasite population that was previously sensitive to the appropriate therapeutic dose

A

Drug resistance

145
Q

The effect of a drug against an infective agent in ideal experimental conditions and isolated from any context

A

Efficacy

146
Q

Measure of the effect of a drug against an infective agent in a particular host, living in a particular environment with specific ecological, immunological, and epidemiological determinants

A

Effectiveness

147
Q

The avoidance of illness caused by infections

A

Morbidity control

148
Q

Health education strategy that aims to encourage people to adapt and maintain healthy Life practices

A

Information-education-communication

149
Q

The planning, organization, performance, and monitoring of activities for the modification and/or manipulation of environmental factors or their interaction with human beings with a view to preventing or minimizing vector or intermediate host propagation and reducing contact between humans and the infective agent

A

Environment management

150
Q

Involves interventions to reduce environmental health risks including the safe disposal and hygienic management of human and animal excreta, refuse, and waste water.

A

Environmental sanitation

151
Q

Is the provision of access to adequate facilities for the safe disposal of human excreta, usually combined with access to safe drinking water

A

Sanitation

152
Q

Defined as a permanent reduction to zero of the worldwide incidence of infection caused by a specific agent, as a result of deliberate efforts.

A

Eradication

153
Q

Reduction to zero of the incidence of a specified disease in a defined geographic area as a result of deliberate efforts.

A

Elimination

154
Q

Urine should not be allowed to contaminate in the stool. True or False?

A

True

155
Q

Effect of urine in stools contaminated with parasites

A

It destroys some parasites

156
Q

Both stain and fixative

A

Merthiolate- Iodine Formalin (MIF)

157
Q

Universal fixative

A

TOTAL-FIX

158
Q

Semiuniversal Fixative

A

SAF: contains formalin (no mercury and PVA)
ECOFIX: contains PVA (no mercury and formalin)

159
Q

No formalin, mercury and PVA

A

Universal fixative: TOTAL-FIX

160
Q

Time required glycerine to clear fecal material

A

1 hour

161
Q

Recommended stool examination method by WHO

A

Kato-Katz Method

162
Q

Amount of stool required for Direct Method of Beaver

A

2mg

163
Q

How to examine thick films

A

100 OIF in 5 to 10 minutes

164
Q

Does Giemsa stain sheath of W. bancrofti?

A

No, use hematoxylin based instead (Delafield’s hematoxylin)

165
Q

Process of Knott’s Concentration Technique

A

1 ml blood + 9 ml of 2% formalin – centrifuge (500xg for 1 minute) – discard supernantant – examine sediment (smeared and stained)

166
Q

Examination of CSF must be within

A

20 minutes

167
Q

Globular structure exhibiting jerky tumbling motility

A

T. vaginalis

168
Q

Chyluric sample

A

W. bancrofti

169
Q

Hematuria lacerate bladder

A

S. haematobium

170
Q

Fecal contamination

A

E. vermicularis

EXO-NOTES (5 decks)

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