NEED TO KNOW Flashcards
1
Q
Autoimmune hepatitis type 1
A
Anti-actin
Anti-SLA/LP
ANA
SMA
2
Q
Autoimmune hepatitis type 2
A
Anti-LKM1
Anti-LC1
3
Q
PSC
A
p-ANCA
4
Q
PBC
A
AMA
5
Q
Wilson’s disease
A
Caeruloplasmin
6
Q
Hereditary haemochromatosis
A
Raised ferritin
Raised transferrin saturation
Low TIBC
**Raised transferrin saturation is >55% in men and >50% in women,
7
Q
Active Hep B infection
A
HBsAg
8
Q
Current or previous Hep B infection
A
HBcAb
IgM = current IgG = previous
9
Q
Core Hep B antigen
A
HBcAg
10
Q
Active replication of Hep B infection
A
HBeAg
11
Q
Antibody showing that Hep B has stopped replicating
A
HBeAb
12
Q
Vaccination against Hep B
A
HBsAb
13
Q
Direct count of Hep B viral load
A
HBV DNA
14
Q
Screening tests for Hep B
A
HBcAb + HBsAg
15
Q
Tests done if Hep B screening is positive
A
HBeAg + HBV DNA
16
Q
Coeliac disease
A
anti-TTG/ anti-EMA
**MUST check IgA first.
17
Q
Myasthenia gravis
A
Anti-ACh
Anti-MUSK
Anti-LPR4
18
Q
Churg-Strauss syndrome
Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis
A
pANCA
Eosinophils >10%
(+ asthma + paranasal sinusitis + pulmonary infiltrates)
19
Q
Lambert-Eaton myasthenia syndrome
A
Antibodies to voltage gated calcium channels
20
Q
Membranous glomerulonephritis
A
Anti-phospholipase A2 receptor antibodies
21
Q
Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
A
Anti-streptolysin O titres
Anti-DNAase B
Decreased serum C3
22
Q
SLE
A
Sensitive? ANA.
Specific? anti-dsDNA/ anti-smith
Others: low C3 and C4
23
Q
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis
A
cANCA
24
Q
Microscopic polyangiitis
A
pANCA
25
Goodpastures disease.
Anti-GBM antibodies.
26
Grave's disease.
Anti-TPO antibodies
| TSH receptor antibodies
27
Hashimoto's thyroiditis
Anti-TPO antibodies
| Anti-thyroglobulin antibodies
28
Rheumatoid arthritis
RF
| Anti-CCP
29
Multiple sclerosis
Oligoclonal bands in CSF
30
Coagulation results in haemophilia?
APTT prolonged.
| PT, prothrombin time + bleeding time all normal.
31
Coagulation results in von willebrand disease?
APTT prolonged
Bleeding time prolonged
PT normal
32
IDA
Low serum iron
Low ferritin
High transferrin
High TIBC
33
Anaemic of chronic disease
Low/ normal serum iron
Low/ normal ferritin
Low transferrin
Low TIBC
34
Sideroblastic anaemia
Ringed sideroblasts (iron engorged peri-nuclear mitochondria in developing RBCs)
35
Pernicious anaemia
Increased IgA antibodies against intrinsic factor/ parietal cells.
36
Hereditary spherocytosis
Circular cells
Low Hb
Raised reticulocytes
37
G6PD deficiency
Heinz bodies
38
Warm AIHA
IgG
39
Cold AIHA
IgM
40
AML/ acute pro-myelocytic anaemia
Auer rods
41
AML blood film
Auer rods
| Blast cells
42
CML
Leukoerythroblasts
43
Myelofibrosis
Tear drop poikilocytosis
44
CLL
Smear/ smudge cells
45
Myeloma
Rouleaux formation
| BJPs.
46
Hodgkin's lymphoma
Reed-Sternberg cells
47
Burkitt's lymphoma
Starry-sky appearance on blood film.
48
Polycythaemia vera
Isolated rise in RBC count.
49
Von Willebrand's disease clotting profile.
Prolonged APTT
Prolonged bleeding time
Normal PT
50
Von Willebrand's disease.
Reduced VIII and reduced VWF.
51
Haemophilia clotting profile.
Prolonged APTT
| Normal PT
52
Relationship between all spondyloarthropathies?
HLAB27
53
Gout joint aspiration findings?
Negatively birefringent, needle shaped, monosodium urate crystals.
54
Pseudogout joint asporation findings?
Positively birefringent, rhomboid shaped, calcium pyrophosphate crystals.
55
Pseudogout pathognomonic XR finding?
Chondrocalcinosis
56
SLE
Sensitive? ANA.
Specific? anti-dsDNA/ anti-smith
Others: low C3 and C4
57
Anti-phospholipid syndrome
Anticardiolipin antibodies
| Anti-beta-2 glycoprotein I antibodies.
58
Limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis (CREST syndrome).
Anti-centromere antibodies
59
Diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis.
Anti-Scl-70 antibodies.
60
Sjogren's syndrome
Anti-Ro + Anti-La antibodies.
61
Dermatomyositis.
Anti-Mi-2 antibodies
ANA
Sometimes Anti-Jo-1 antibodies.
62
Polymyositis.
Anti-Jo-1 antibodies.
63
MEN type 1 gene.
MEN 1 gene.
64
Most common presentation of MEN 1?
Hypercalcaemia.
65
MEN type 2 gene.
RET oncogene.
66
Most common thyroid cancer.
Papillary.
67
Thyroid cancer associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis?
Lymphoma.
68
Blood clotting results in vitamin K deficiency?
APTT increased.
PT increased.
Bleeding time increased.
69
Primary + Tertiary hyperparathyroidism?
High PTH.
| High calcium.
70
Secondary hyperparathyroidism?
High PTH.
| Low calcium.
71
Drug-induced lupus.
Anti-histone antibodies.
72
HbA1c target for T2DM on lifestyle management?
<48
73
HbA1c target for T2DM on lifestyle + metformin management?
<48
74
HbA1c target for T2DM on any management more than lifestyle + metformin?
<53
75
HbA1c target for T1DM?
<48
76
How often for diabetic eye screening?
2 yearly if low risk, annually for everyone else.
77
How often for diabetic foot screening?
Annually.
78
How often for diabetic kidney disease screening?
Annually.
79
How often for CVD risk factor assessment in those with diabetes?
Annually.
80
Water deprivation tests results for cranial diabetes insipidus?
Urine osmolality low after water deprivation.
| Urine osmolality high after ADH.
81
Water deprivation tests results for nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?
Urine osmolality low after water deprivation.
| Urine osmolality low after ADH.
82
Water deprivation tests results for primary polydipsia?
Urine osmolality high after deprivation.
Urine osmolality high after ADH.
**No need to give ADH if initial water deprivation step high as this can only be primary polydipsia.
83
Gold standard investigation for diabetes insipidus?
Water deprivation test.
84
Primary hypothyroidism TFTS?
high TSH
| low T3 + T4
85
Secondary hypothyroidism TFTs?
low/ normal TSH
| low/ normal T3 + T4
86
Hyperthyroidism TFTs?
low TSH
| high T3 + T4
87
Most common thyroid cancer?
Papillary.
88
Thyroid cancer associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis?
Lymphoma.
89
Hypoparathyroidism blood results?
low PTH
low calcium
high phosphate
90
ECG findings in hypoparathyroidism?
prolonged QT interval
91
Primary hyperparathyroidism blood results?
high PTH
| high calcium
92
Secondary hyperparathyroidism blood results?
high PTH
| low/ normal calcium
93
Tertiary hyperparathyroidism blood results?
high PTH
| high calcium
94
Gold standard investigation for Cushing's syndrome?
Dexamethasone suppression test.
95
Dexamethasone suppression test results in pituitary adenoma (Cushing's disease)?
Cortisol suppressed.
| ACTH suppressed.
96
Dexamethasone suppression test results in adrenal adenoma?
Cortisol not suppressed.
| ACTH suppressed.
97
Dexamethasone suppression test results in ectopic ACTH production?
Cortisol not suppressed.
| ACTH not suppressed.
98
What is present if cortisol level is not suppressed in the low dose dexamethasone suppression test?
Cushing's syndrome.
99
Gold standard investigation for adrenal insufficiency?
Short synacthen test.
100
Short synacthen test results in primary adrenal insufficiency?
Cortisol does not rise.
101
Short synacthen test results in secondary adrenal insufficiency?
Cortisol level doubles.
102
1st line investigation for acromegaly?
Serum IGF-1 levels
**Raised in acromegaly.
103
2nd line investigation for acromegaly to confirm diagnosis if IGF-1 levels are raised?
OGTT
**no suppression of GH with hyperglycaemia in those with acromegaly.
104
1st line investigation for hyperaldosteronism?
Renin:aldosterone ratio
105
Renin:aldosterone ratio results for primary hyperaldosteronism?
High aldosterone
| Low renin
106
Renin:aldosterone ratio for secondary hyperaldosteronism?
High aldosterone
| High renin
107
What might U&Es show in hyperaldosteronism?
Hypokalaemia.
108
Most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children?
Minimal change disease.
109
Antibody found in membranous glomerulonephritis?
Anti-phospholipase A2 antibodies.
**Also IgG and C3 deposits in GBM.
110
Most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults?
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.
111
Most common type of glomerulonephritis in adults?
IgA nephropathy
112
Kidney disease developing 24-48 hours after an URTI.
IgA nephropathy.
113
Kidney disease developing >/= 2 weeks after an infection?
Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis.
114
Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis findings?
Anti-streptolysin O titres
Increased anti-DNAase B
Decreased serum C3
115
Goodpasture's disease.
Anti-GBM antibodies.
116
Kidney disease + eye disease + sensorineural hearing loss?
Alport syndrome.
