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HYMS Y5 > NEED TO KNOW > Flashcards

NEED TO KNOW Flashcards

1
Q

Autoimmune hepatitis type 1

A

Anti-actin
Anti-SLA/LP
ANA
SMA

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2
Q

Autoimmune hepatitis type 2

A

Anti-LKM1

Anti-LC1

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3
Q

PSC

A

p-ANCA

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4
Q

PBC

A

AMA

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5
Q

Wilson’s disease

A

Caeruloplasmin

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6
Q

Hereditary haemochromatosis

A

Raised ferritin
Raised transferrin saturation
Low TIBC

**Raised transferrin saturation is >55% in men and >50% in women,

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7
Q

Active Hep B infection

A

HBsAg

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8
Q

Current or previous Hep B infection

A

HBcAb

IgM = current
IgG = previous
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9
Q

Core Hep B antigen

A

HBcAg

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10
Q

Active replication of Hep B infection

A

HBeAg

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11
Q

Antibody showing that Hep B has stopped replicating

A

HBeAb

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12
Q

Vaccination against Hep B

A

HBsAb

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13
Q

Direct count of Hep B viral load

A

HBV DNA

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14
Q

Screening tests for Hep B

A

HBcAb + HBsAg

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15
Q

Tests done if Hep B screening is positive

A

HBeAg + HBV DNA

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16
Q

Coeliac disease

A

anti-TTG/ anti-EMA

**MUST check IgA first.

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17
Q

Myasthenia gravis

A

Anti-ACh
Anti-MUSK
Anti-LPR4

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18
Q

Churg-Strauss syndrome

Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis

A

pANCA
Eosinophils >10%

(+ asthma + paranasal sinusitis + pulmonary infiltrates)

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19
Q

Lambert-Eaton myasthenia syndrome

A

Antibodies to voltage gated calcium channels

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20
Q

Membranous glomerulonephritis

A

Anti-phospholipase A2 receptor antibodies

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21
Q

Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis

A

Anti-streptolysin O titres
Anti-DNAase B
Decreased serum C3

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22
Q

SLE

A

Sensitive? ANA.
Specific? anti-dsDNA/ anti-smith

Others: low C3 and C4

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23
Q

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis

A

cANCA

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24
Q

Microscopic polyangiitis

A

pANCA

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25
Q

Goodpastures disease.

A

Anti-GBM antibodies.

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26
Q

Grave’s disease.

A

Anti-TPO antibodies

TSH receptor antibodies

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27
Q

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

A

Anti-TPO antibodies

Anti-thyroglobulin antibodies

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28
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

RF

Anti-CCP

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29
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

Oligoclonal bands in CSF

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30
Q

Coagulation results in haemophilia?

A

APTT prolonged.

PT, prothrombin time + bleeding time all normal.

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31
Q

Coagulation results in von willebrand disease?

A

APTT prolonged
Bleeding time prolonged
PT normal

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32
Q

IDA

A

Low serum iron
Low ferritin
High transferrin
High TIBC

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33
Q

Anaemic of chronic disease

A

Low/ normal serum iron
Low/ normal ferritin
Low transferrin
Low TIBC

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34
Q

Sideroblastic anaemia

A

Ringed sideroblasts (iron engorged peri-nuclear mitochondria in developing RBCs)

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35
Q

Pernicious anaemia

A

Increased IgA antibodies against intrinsic factor/ parietal cells.

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36
Q

Hereditary spherocytosis

A

Circular cells
Low Hb
Raised reticulocytes

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37
Q

G6PD deficiency

A

Heinz bodies

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38
Q

Warm AIHA

A

IgG

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39
Q

Cold AIHA

A

IgM

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40
Q

AML/ acute pro-myelocytic anaemia

A

Auer rods

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41
Q

AML blood film

A

Auer rods

Blast cells

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42
Q

CML

A

Leukoerythroblasts

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43
Q

Myelofibrosis

A

Tear drop poikilocytosis

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44
Q

CLL

A

Smear/ smudge cells

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45
Q

Myeloma

A

Rouleaux formation

BJPs.

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46
Q

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A

Reed-Sternberg cells

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47
Q

Burkitt’s lymphoma

A

Starry-sky appearance on blood film.

48
Q

Polycythaemia vera

A

Isolated rise in RBC count.

49
Q

Von Willebrand’s disease clotting profile.

A

Prolonged APTT
Prolonged bleeding time
Normal PT

50
Q

Von Willebrand’s disease.

A

Reduced VIII and reduced VWF.

51
Q

Haemophilia clotting profile.

A

Prolonged APTT

Normal PT

52
Q

Relationship between all spondyloarthropathies?

53
Q

Gout joint aspiration findings?

A

Negatively birefringent, needle shaped, monosodium urate crystals.

54
Q

Pseudogout joint asporation findings?

A

Positively birefringent, rhomboid shaped, calcium pyrophosphate crystals.

55
Q

Pseudogout pathognomonic XR finding?

A

Chondrocalcinosis

56
Q

SLE

A

Sensitive? ANA.
Specific? anti-dsDNA/ anti-smith

Others: low C3 and C4

57
Q

Anti-phospholipid syndrome

A

Anticardiolipin antibodies

Anti-beta-2 glycoprotein I antibodies.

58
Q

Limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis (CREST syndrome).

A

Anti-centromere antibodies

59
Q

Diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis.

A

Anti-Scl-70 antibodies.

60
Q

Sjogren’s syndrome

A

Anti-Ro + Anti-La antibodies.

61
Q

Dermatomyositis.

A

Anti-Mi-2 antibodies
ANA

Sometimes Anti-Jo-1 antibodies.

62
Q

Polymyositis.

A

Anti-Jo-1 antibodies.

63
Q

MEN type 1 gene.

A

MEN 1 gene.

64
Q

Most common presentation of MEN 1?

A

Hypercalcaemia.

65
Q

MEN type 2 gene.

A

RET oncogene.

66
Q

Most common thyroid cancer.

A

Papillary.

67
Q

Thyroid cancer associated with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis?

68
Q

Blood clotting results in vitamin K deficiency?

A

APTT increased.
PT increased.
Bleeding time increased.

69
Q

Primary + Tertiary hyperparathyroidism?

A

High PTH.

High calcium.

70
Q

Secondary hyperparathyroidism?

A

High PTH.

Low calcium.

71
Q

Drug-induced lupus.

A

Anti-histone antibodies.

72
Q

HbA1c target for T2DM on lifestyle management?

73
Q

HbA1c target for T2DM on lifestyle + metformin management?

74
Q

HbA1c target for T2DM on any management more than lifestyle + metformin?

75
Q

HbA1c target for T1DM?

76
Q

How often for diabetic eye screening?

A

2 yearly if low risk, annually for everyone else.

77
Q

How often for diabetic foot screening?

78
Q

How often for diabetic kidney disease screening?

79
Q

How often for CVD risk factor assessment in those with diabetes?

80
Q

Water deprivation tests results for cranial diabetes insipidus?

A

Urine osmolality low after water deprivation.

Urine osmolality high after ADH.

81
Q

Water deprivation tests results for nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?

A

Urine osmolality low after water deprivation.

Urine osmolality low after ADH.

82
Q

Water deprivation tests results for primary polydipsia?

A

Urine osmolality high after deprivation.
Urine osmolality high after ADH.

**No need to give ADH if initial water deprivation step high as this can only be primary polydipsia.

83
Q

Gold standard investigation for diabetes insipidus?

A

Water deprivation test.

84
Q

Primary hypothyroidism TFTS?

A

high TSH

low T3 + T4

85
Q

Secondary hypothyroidism TFTs?

A

low/ normal TSH

low/ normal T3 + T4

86
Q

Hyperthyroidism TFTs?

A

low TSH

high T3 + T4

87
Q

Most common thyroid cancer?

A

Papillary.

88
Q

Thyroid cancer associated with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis?

89
Q

Hypoparathyroidism blood results?

A

low PTH
low calcium
high phosphate

90
Q

ECG findings in hypoparathyroidism?

A

prolonged QT interval

91
Q

Primary hyperparathyroidism blood results?

A

high PTH

high calcium

92
Q

Secondary hyperparathyroidism blood results?

A

high PTH

low/ normal calcium

93
Q

Tertiary hyperparathyroidism blood results?

A

high PTH

high calcium

94
Q

Gold standard investigation for Cushing’s syndrome?

A

Dexamethasone suppression test.

95
Q

Dexamethasone suppression test results in pituitary adenoma (Cushing’s disease)?

A

Cortisol suppressed.

ACTH suppressed.

96
Q

Dexamethasone suppression test results in adrenal adenoma?

A

Cortisol not suppressed.

ACTH suppressed.

97
Q

Dexamethasone suppression test results in ectopic ACTH production?

A

Cortisol not suppressed.

ACTH not suppressed.

98
Q

What is present if cortisol level is not suppressed in the low dose dexamethasone suppression test?

A

Cushing’s syndrome.

99
Q

Gold standard investigation for adrenal insufficiency?

A

Short synacthen test.

100
Q

Short synacthen test results in primary adrenal insufficiency?

A

Cortisol does not rise.

101
Q

Short synacthen test results in secondary adrenal insufficiency?

A

Cortisol level doubles.

102
Q

1st line investigation for acromegaly?

A

Serum IGF-1 levels

**Raised in acromegaly.

103
Q

2nd line investigation for acromegaly to confirm diagnosis if IGF-1 levels are raised?

A

OGTT

**no suppression of GH with hyperglycaemia in those with acromegaly.

104
Q

1st line investigation for hyperaldosteronism?

A

Renin:aldosterone ratio

105
Q

Renin:aldosterone ratio results for primary hyperaldosteronism?

A

High aldosterone

Low renin

106
Q

Renin:aldosterone ratio for secondary hyperaldosteronism?

A

High aldosterone

High renin

107
Q

What might U&Es show in hyperaldosteronism?

A

Hypokalaemia.

108
Q

Most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children?

A

Minimal change disease.

109
Q

Antibody found in membranous glomerulonephritis?

A

Anti-phospholipase A2 antibodies.

**Also IgG and C3 deposits in GBM.

110
Q

Most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults?

A

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.

111
Q

Most common type of glomerulonephritis in adults?

A

IgA nephropathy

112
Q

Kidney disease developing 24-48 hours after an URTI.

A

IgA nephropathy.

113
Q

Kidney disease developing >/= 2 weeks after an infection?

A

Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis.

114
Q

Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis findings?

A

Anti-streptolysin O titres
Increased anti-DNAase B
Decreased serum C3

115
Q

Goodpasture’s disease.

A

Anti-GBM antibodies.

116
Q

Kidney disease + eye disease + sensorineural hearing loss?

A

Alport syndrome.

HYMS Y5 (11 decks)

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