Need to know

Question 1

Causes of Elevated Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis

Anion Gap= Na – (Cl + HCO3)
Normal: 10-12

Answer 1

MUDPILES

Methanol
Uremia
DKA
Propylene Glycol (Barbituate & benzo)
Isoniazid/Iron poisoning
Lactic Acidosis
Ethylene Glycol/ Etoh ketosis
Salicylate/Aspirin/ASA/Starvation ketosis

CO
Aminoglycosides
Theophylline

Question 2

features of upper motor neuron degeneration

Answer 2

hyperreflexia,
increased muscle tone (Rigidity),
Babinski sign

Question 3

features of lower motor neuron degeneration

Answer 3

hyporeflexia,
decreased muscle tone,
atrophy/ weakness

Question 4

ALS has late onset ___ indicating a poor prognosis

Answer 4

dysphagia

Question 5

Fever, dyspnea, and productive cough with
lobar opacities on chest x-ray indicate

Answer 5

pneumonia

Question 6

what medication decrease the efficacy of loop diuretics?

Answer 6

NSAIDs

Question 7

hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) is also known
a complication of diabetes mellitus characterized by

DEHYDRATION
and
(3)

Answer 7

hyperglycemia >600
↑ osmolality > 320 mOsm/kg
minimal or NO acidosis (keto-acidosis)

Tx: IVFs, electrolyte repletion, & insulin therapy.