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General Pathology VDMP832 > Necrosis mechanisms and Morphology > Flashcards

Necrosis mechanisms and Morphology Flashcards

1
Q

Coagulative Necrosis

A

Cell and tissue death due to loss of energy.
The basic morphology of hte tissue and cells are retained but have a “ghost-like” appearance

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2
Q

Coagulative Necrosis:

Causes

A
  • Loss of energy:
    • due to hypoxia
  • Oxygen metabolites
    • highly reactive free radicals
  • Toxins:
    • direct acting toxins
    • Indirect acting toxins that must be biotransformed before they damage cells
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3
Q

Coagulative Necrosis:

Morphology:

Gross

A
  • Tissue is pale and dry
    • with infarcts the tissue can be dark red due to backflow of blood into the damaged area
  • Frequently surrounded by a zone of inflammation
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4
Q

Coagulative Necrosis:

Morphology:

Histologic

A
  • Basic cell outlines are retained
  • Nuclei are shrunken (pyknotic), fragmented (keryorrhexis), or absent (karyolysis)
  • Eventually there is lysis of hte necrotic tissue
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5
Q

Liquefactive Necrosis

A
  • Cells and tissue death associated with liquefaction in response to neutrophil enzymes
  • Tissue morphology is replaced by liquified debris (pus)
    • abscess is liquefactive necrosis/suppurative inflammation
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6
Q

Liquefactive Necrosis:

Causes

A

Pyogenic Bacterial infection

Hypoxia int he nervous system

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7
Q

Liquefactive Necorsis:

Morphology:

Gross

A
  • Focal pus accumulation (Abscess)
    • necrotic neutrophils and tissue debris
  • Inspissation of pus can give the tissue a more caseous (dry, crumbly) look
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8
Q

Liquefactive Necrosis:

Morphology:

Histiologic

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Liquefaction of tissue in response to neutrophil enzymes
  • Outer Fibrous capsule in mature lessions
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9
Q

Caseous Necrosis

A
  • A type of coagulative necrosis where the necrotic tissue is surrounded by a chronic inflammatory response
    • older lessions contain poorly degradable bacterial lipids
    • Liquefaction can occur if there are neutrophils present
  • usually a component of granuloma formation
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10
Q

Caseous Necrosis:

Causes

A
  • Classically described form of necrosis associated with tuberculosis
  • Bacteria with dense, waxy cell walls
  • Fungi and higher organisms
  • Foreign bodies
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11
Q

Caseous Necrosis:

Morphology:

Gross

A

Granular, friable mass

Fibrous capsule

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12
Q

Caseous Necorsis:

Morphology:

Histologic

A

Central core of cell debris

Surrounding zone of inflammation

lymphocytes and plasma cells marcorphages

Outer fibrous capsule in mature lessions

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13
Q

Gangrenous Necrosis

A

A subset of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis that has a distinctive morphology and location

  • Three morphologic types of gangrene are described
    • dry:
      • dry, brown to black, shriveled tissue
      • due to infarction and mummification
    • Wet:
      • soft, red-brown-black tissue
        • due to liquefaction of tissue by neutrophils
    • Gas:
      • Exudative, brown-black tissue containing gas
        • due to proliferation of gas-producing bacteria
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14
Q

Gangrenous necrosis:

Cause:

A

ischemia with desiccation

Saprophytic bacteria

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15
Q

Dry Gangrene

A
  • Affects the distal exremities
  • Coagulation necrosis due to ischemia/infarction
  • Tissues become dark, dry, and shriveled
  • Examples include ergot alkaloids and frostbite
  • In humans this occurs mainly due to peripheral vascular disease, often associated with arterioscleroisis or diabetes mellitus
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16
Q

Wet/gas Gangrene

A
  • Most common in dependent portions of organs, such as the lungs and mammary glands
  • Liquefactive necrosis with saprophytic bacterial infections
  • Affected tissue is red/black, moist, with numerous neutrophils and tissue destruction
  • Animals can often become septic
  • Gas gangrene is a variant of this when the infecting bacterai are gas producers
17
Q

Fat Necrosis

A
  • process that occurs in fat due to the destruction of adipocytes by lipases
    • most commonly occurs in association with pancreatitis
  • Unlike the other patterns of necrosis, which can occur in any tissue. This process is SPECIFC FOR FAT
18
Q

Fat Necrosis:

Cause:

A
  • Enzymatic destruction due to pancreatitis
  • Traumatic crushing of fat
  • Idiopathic
    • fat necrosis of abdominal fat in cattle
19
Q

Fat Necrosis:

Morpholoyg:

Gross

A

Tissue is white, firm, and chalky

20
Q

Fat Necrosis:

Morphology:

Histoligic

A

Adipocytes are eosinophilic but retain normal architecture

Basophilic areas may be present due to calcium binding

General Pathology VDMP832 (26 decks)

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