Metabolic Disease Flashcards
1
Q
Metabolic Disease: Causes
A
Genetic
Nutritional
Hormonal
2
Q
Metabolic Disease:
Genetic
A
- Lysosoma Storgae Disease
- glycogenoses
- Mucopolsaccharidoses
- Hyperlipidemia syndrome
- Certain endocrine disorders
3
Q
Metabolic Disease:
Nutritional
A
- Vitamin and Mineral deficiency
- Oral neoplasia or inflammation
- Malabsorption syndromes
- johnes disease
4
Q
Metabolic Diasea:
Hormonal
A
Diabetes mellitus
Hypothyroidism
Hyperthyroidism
Hyperparathyroidism
5
Q
Genetic Metabolic Disease
A
- Many metabolic problems are due to problems with a single protein in a metabolic pathway
- single gene defects
- Most of these gene defects are inherited
- May or may not have congenital morphological defects
- Most genetic metabolic problems are irreversible.
6
Q
Lysosomal Storage Disease
A
- Characterized by the accumulation of mucopolysaccharides or lipid components within cellular lysosomes
- lysosomes are the principle site of intracellular degradation of complex molecules
- Inherited enzyme deficiency inhibits the degradation of these large molecules
- Intermediate catabolic products can’t be degraded and accumulate within lysosomes
7
Q
Alpha-mannosidosis
A
- Deficiency in alpha-mannosidase
- inherited as an autosomal recessive trait
- Described in humans, cattle, and cats
- Skeletal and ocular abnormalities may occur
- Progressive neurologic disease
- Cytoplasmic inclusions in neurons, mesenchymal, and epithelial cells
- inclusions consist of mannose-rich oligosaccharides
8
Q
Feline Alpha-Mannosidosis
A
- Affects persian, Domestic Shorthair, and Domestic Longhair cats
- Clinical onset occurs at an early age (8-10 weeks)
- Disease is heterogenous being less severe in DLH cats
- Progressive neurologic disease
- tremor, ataxia, dysmetria, weakness, and emaciation
- Clinical onset occurs at an early age (8-10 weeks)
- Cytoplasmic inclusions consist mainly of mannose and N-acetylglucosamine
- inclusions in neurons, hepatocytes and other cells
- High concentrations of these products are excreted in the urine.
9
Q
Nutritional Metabolic Disease
A
- Most nutritional problems exert their effect by altered metabolism
- Improper nutrition can result from:
- Inadequate nutrients in the diet
- Inadequate nutrient uptake
- Inadequate nutrient absorption
- REVERSIBLE
- nutrient deficiency in the diet is corrected
- rickets is reversed by adding vitamin D
- Dramatic excess demands are resolved
- rapid changes during parturition and lactation
- Nutrient imbalances are corrected
- calcium and phosphorus ratios and bone disease
- nutrient deficiency in the diet is corrected
10
Q
Liver - Lipidosis
A
- The liver plays a central role in metabolism
- Synthesis and metabolism of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates
- Conjugation and detoxification reactions
- Waste product excretion
- Bile secretion
- Storage of nutrients
11
Q
Hepatic Lipidosis
A
- Some degree of lipidosis accompanies many metaboic alterations
- hyperlipidemia syndromes
- Endocrine disorders
- Nutritional Problems
- Physiological changes
12
Q
Hepatic Lipidosis:
Metabolism
A
- Metabolic inbalance can between protien, fat or carbohydrate can result in lipidosis
- increased rate of fat entry to hepatocytes
- Decreased rate of lipoprotein formation within hepatocytes
- Decreased energy level.
13
Q
Liver Lipidosis:
Morphology
A
14
Q
Hormonal Metabolic Disease
A
- Hormones are major regulators and integrators of metabolism
- Any endocrine dysfunction or disease will have metabolic manifestations
15
Q
Hormonal Metabolic Disease:
Fibrous Osteodystrophy
A
- Inadequate intake or loss of calcium requires mobilization from tissues
- Excessive and prolonged action of parathormone results in bone demineralization.
16
Q
Hormonal Metabolic Disease:
Pituitary Adenoma
A
- Neoplasia of chormophobes results in excessive ACTH production and can compress regions of the hypothalamus.
- Adrenal cortical hyperplasia results in excessive adrenocorticosteroid production
- Hypothalamic pressure can interfere with function of regulatory centers
17
Q
Hormonal Metabolic Disease:
Diabetes Mellitus
A
- Most common in dogs, sometimes in cats
- Inadequate insulin activity
- Type 1 (Insulin-dependent)
- decreased insulin secretion
- Type 2 (Non-Insulin-dependent)
- inadequate insulin release or target cell response
- Type 1 (Insulin-dependent)
- Conditions causing reduced insulin activity
- Islet cell hypoplasia
- Destruciton of pancreatic islets
- Failure of insulin release from islet cells
- Failure of tissues to respond to insulin
18
Q
Hormonal Metabolic Disease:
Diabetes Mellitus:
Clinical Features
A
- Emaciation
- Polyuria / polydipsia
- Increased infections
- not as prominent a feature as in humans
- Hyperglycemia
- Glycosuria
- Ketoacidosis and ketonuria
19
Q
Hormonal Metabolic Disease:
Diabetes Mellitus
Pathological Features
A
- Hepatic lipidosis and glycogenosis
- Glomerulosclerosis and glycogen nephosis
- cataracts
- vascular lesions and necrosis are not as prominent as in humans
- Other lesion associated with any predisposing factors
- adrenal cortical hyperplasia or pituitary adenoma
20
Q
Metabolic Disease Pathogenesis
A
- Irreversible Disease:
- most commonly inherited
- lysosomal storage disease
- Sometimes hormonal depending on cause
- neoplasia
- Chronic organ failure
- most commonly inherited
- Reversible Disease
- Most commonly nutritional
- nutritional deficiency
- starvation
- Vitamin or mineral deficiency
- Excessive demand that exceeds supply
- pregnancy or lactation
- Nutrient imbalance
- calcium/phosphorus ratios
- nutritional deficiency
- Most commonly nutritional
21
Q
Metabolic Disease:
Morphology
A
- Highly Variable
- Endocrine disease disrupting homeostasis
- endocrine organ atrophy or neoplasia
- Intestinal disease inhibits nutrient absorption
- Granulomatous enteritis
- Renal failure and electrolytes
- chronic glomerulonephritis
- Multisystemic effects of hepatic disease
22
Q
Central Metabolic Tissues:
Liver
A
- Synthesis of plasma protiens
- Biotransformation and conjugation reactions
- Lipid, carbohydrate, and protein metabolism
- Storage of nutrients
- Secretion of bile and waste products
23
Q
Central Metabolic Tissues:
Kidneys
A
- Excretion of metabolic waste products
- Maintain acid-base, electrolyte and water balances
24
Q
Central Metabolic Tissues:
Endocrine Tissues
A
- Regulate interactions between multiple metabolic processes
- Maintain overall homeostasis
25
Q
Central Metabolic Tissues:
Gastrointestinal
A
Absorption of nutrients
Elimination of waste products
26
Q
Central Metabolic Tissues:
Bones
A
Storage of minerals
House hematopoetic tissues
27
Q
Metabolic Disease:
Manifestations
A
- Sings of metabolic disorders are very diverse
- some are ill-defined and mild
- others are severe and life-threatening
- Metabolic problems are often multi-systemic, but system-specific signs often occur
- neurologic symptoms
- Musculoskeletal symptoms
- Endocrine symptoms
