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General Pathology VDMP832 > Morphology of Inflammation > Flashcards

Morphology of Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

Classification of Inflammation

A

Duration

Distribution

Severity

Morphology

Response of the tissue

All of these can be included as components of a morphologic diagnosis

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2
Q

Duration of Inflammation:

Peracute

A

Begins minutes to hours after insult

Can last for several hours

Prominent vascular changes

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3
Q

Duration of Inflammation:

Acute

A

Begins 4-6 hours insult

Can last for several days

Vascular and early cellular changes

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4
Q

Duration of Inflammation:

subacute

A

Begins several days after insult

Can last for several weeks

Mixed cellular response with decreasing vascular response

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5
Q

Duration of Inflammation:

Chronic

A

Begins several days to weeks after insult

Can last for weeks, months or years

Mononuclear cells and fibrosis with minimal vascular response

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6
Q

Distribution of the lesion:

Focal

A

Single delineated lesion

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7
Q

Distribution of the lesion:

Multifocal

A

Multiple, randomly scattered focal lesions

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8
Q

Distribution of the lesion

Locally extensive

A

A single lesion involving a large area of tissue

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9
Q

Distribution of the lesion:

Diffuse

A

Lesion involving the entire tissue in which it is found

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10
Q

Severity of the lesion:

Mild

A

Vascular change, mild cellular change, no tissue destruction

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11
Q

Severity of the lesion:

Moderate

A

Prominent vascular and cellular change with some tissue destruction

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12
Q

Severity of the lesion:

Severe

A

Extension of vascular and cellular changes with extensive tissue destruction

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13
Q

Exudate or Cell type

A
  • Common classification include:
    • serous
    • Catarrhal
    • Fibrinous
    • Purulent
    • Hemorrhagic
    • Eosinophilic
    • Lymphocytic
    • Granulomatous
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14
Q

Serous Inflammation

A
  • Accumulation of serum-fluid
  • Causes include:
    • Joint trauma
    • Early response to bacterial and viral infection
    • mild chemical irritant
    • certain insect bites
  • Effects include
    • dilution of the offending agent
    • Excessive fluid can interfere with tissue function
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15
Q

Serous Inflammation:

Morphology:

Gross Appearance

A
  • Watery fluid within body cavities or tissues
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16
Q

Serous Inflammation:

Morphology:

Histological

A

Homogenous pink fluid

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17
Q

Catarrhal inflammation:

A
  • Presence of large amounts of mucus
  • Causes include:
    • mild upper respiratory viral infections
    • mild irritants
  • Effects include:
    • Protection of mucosal surfaces
    • Dilution of the offending agent
18
Q

Catarrhal Inflammation:

Morphology:

Gross

A
  • Clear, slimy film that covers a mucosal surface
    • this can appear as shreds and clumps when it is partially dehydrated
19
Q

Catarrhal Inflammation:

Morphology:

Histological

A
  • Pale, blue material that covers mucosal epithelium
  • mucus producing cells are increased in size and number
20
Q

Fibrinous Inflammation

A
  • Presence of a large amount of fibrin
  • Casuses include:
    • bacterial infections
    • Certain viral infections
    • Burns
  • Effects include
    • protection of underlying tissues
    • Prevention of blood loss
    • A scaffold for subsequent formation of fibrous tissue
21
Q

Fibrinous Inflammation:

Morphology:

Gross

A

Yellowish adhesive material that can occur as a granular covering over a tissue, to thick sheets clumps or fine

22
Q

Fibrinous Inflammation:

Morphology:

Histological

A

Fibrillar, web-like eosinophilic material

23
Q

Purulent Inflammation

A
  • Presence of large numbers of neutrophils
  • Causes include:
    • Certain types of bacteria
    • Certain chemiccal irritants
  • Effects include
    • Defense against infectious agents
    • Production of pro-inflammatory agents/toxins
    • Sometimes, interference with tissue functions
24
Q

Purulent Inflammation:

Morphology:

Gross

A

Viscous to watery, cream-colored materail on mucosal surfaces or within tissues

25
Q

Purulent Inflammation:

Morphology

Histological

A

Large numbers of neutrophils are present, often accompanied by fibrin and inflammatory debris

26
Q

Purulent Inflamamtion:

Abscess

A
  • An abscess is a localized and confined accumulation of neutrophils and liquefied debris
    • represents a failure of acute inflammation to remove the inflammatory stimulus
    • Chronic lesions
      • mature abscesses can take several weeks to form
    • It has a fibrous capsule
      • initially the capsule is very thin, but can thicken over time
    • Walled off from normal adjacent tissue
      • Can act as a space occupying mass and interfere with tissue/organ function
27
Q

Hemorrhagic Inflammation

A
  • Presence of large amounts of hemorrhage at an inflammatory site
  • Causes include:
    • Agents that cause vascular injury
      • highly virulent infections agents
      • Certain chemicals
  • Effects include:
    • typically arises quickly
    • Often associated with more severe inflammation
28
Q

Hemorrhagic Inflammation:

Morphology:

Gross

A

The inflamed mucosa or tissue is deep red and associated exudate is red-tinged

29
Q

Hemorrhagic Inflammation:

Morphology:

Histological

A

Large numbers of erythrocytes are present in the inflammatory region

30
Q

Eosinophilic Inflammation

A
  • Presence of Large numbers of eosinophils
  • Causes include:
    • Hypersensitivity reactions
    • Parasitic Infections
  • Effects Include:
    • Mediates local or systemic hypersensitivity reactions
31
Q

Eosinofilic Inflammation:

Morphology:

Gross

A

Affected tissue may have a gray to greenish gray appearance

32
Q

Eosinophilic Inflammation:

Morphology:

Histological

A

Affected tissue contains large numbers of eosinophils

33
Q

Lymphocytic Inflammation:

A
  • Presence of large numbers of lymphocytes
  • Causes include:
    • certain viral infections
    • Chronic bacterial and fungal infections
    • Immunological reactions
  • Effects include:
    • Immunological response to antigens
    • Important component of chronic inflammation
34
Q

Lymphocytic Inflammation:

Morphology:

Gross

A

Not often evident grossly, but may give affected tissue a whitish-appearance

35
Q

Lymphocytic Inflammation:

Morphology:

Histological

A

Numerous lymphocytes are present either indivdually or in nodular aggregates

36
Q

Granulomatous Inflammation

A
  • Presence of large numbers of macrophages
  • Causes include
    • persistent bacterial infections
    • most fungi
    • certain parasites
    • foreign bodies
  • Effects include:
    • associated with chornic, difficult to manage inflammatory agents
    • Can form solid masses and interfere with tissue function
37
Q

Granulomatous Inflammation:

Morphology:

Gross

A

This can occur as diffuse thickening of an affected tissue, or the formation of firm nodules or masses

38
Q

Granulomatous inflammation:

Morphology:

Histological

A

Numerous macrophages are present along with cells derived from macrophages, and lymphocytes and plasma cells

39
Q

Granuloma Morphology

A
  • Typical granulomas consist of:
    • a central zone of caseous necrosis
    • A zone of epithelioid macrophages and giant cells
    • Zone of lymphocytes
    • Outer zone of fibroblasts and collagen
  • There are many variation depending on the age of the granuloma and the inciting stimulus
    • some lack a central necrotic core
    • Some have minimal fibrosis around their border
40
Q

Response of the Tissue:

Alterative chages

A

necrotizing

ulcerative

atrophic

fibrosing

41
Q

Response of the Tissue

Proliferative changes

A

hyperplastic

hypertrophic

General Pathology VDMP832 (26 decks)

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