Neck Flashcards

1
Q

what forms the borders of posterior triangle

A

sternocleidomastoid muscle at anterior
trapezius muscle at posterior
clavicle inferior

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2
Q

what is a good clinical test for accessory nerve

A

shrugging shoulders - trapezius

moving head side to side - SCM

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3
Q

what structures lie over the SCM muscle

A

external jugular vein, transverse cervical nerve, great auricular nerve

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4
Q

what might be clinical sign of congestive heart failure

A

distended external jugular vein when sitting up

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5
Q

what does the great auricular nerve supply

A

sensation to the angle of mandible and ear

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6
Q

what muscles lie deep to SCM in posterior triangle

A

scalenus anterior and middle

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7
Q

where does the phrenic nerve lie

A

along scalenus anterior, supplies the diaphragm from c3,4,5

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8
Q

what vessels and nerves lie deep to SCM in posterior triangle

A

transverse cervical artery, suprascapular artery, brachial plexus and phrenic nerve

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9
Q

if removing the superficial lymph nodes from the posterior triangle what structure must be preserved and how can it be tested clinically

A

accessory nerve, as it runs near here, can ask patient to shrug shoulders and look side to side after surgery to ensure it is intact

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10
Q

why might forensics be interested in a fracture of the hyoid bone

A

often fractured due to strangulation

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11
Q

what are suprahyoid muscles and their attachments

A

mylohyoid - mylohyoid line of mandible to hyoid bone
anterior belly of digastric - digastric fossa of mandible, central tendon held to hyoid with fascia
geniohyoid - inferior tubercles of mandible to hyoid
stylohyoid - styloid process to mandible

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12
Q

what are infrahyoid muscles, their attachments and movements

A

strap muscles
sternohyoid - manubrium of sternum to hyoid bone
omohyoid - scapula to hyoid bone
regulate position of hyoid bone
sternothyroid - manubrium of sternum to thyroid cartilage
thyrohyoid - thyroid cartilage to hyoid bone

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13
Q

where does the external jugular vein lie

A

superficial to the SCM muscle

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14
Q

what level does the common carotid bifurcate

A

at thyroid cartilage - into external and internal

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15
Q

what is present in the internal carotid artery

A

carotid sinus, baroreceptors - special receptors to detect the blood pressure going to the brain, supplied by glossopharyngeal nerve

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16
Q

how could you check clinically if hypoglossal nerve had been damaged in surgery

A

stick tongue out

17
Q

what is the laryngeal prominence

A

prominence of thyroid cartilage, due to testosterone increasing the size at puberty

18
Q

what cartilages are present in anterior neck

A

thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage and cricothyroid membrane between

19
Q

what can be seen in the eyes if a person has hyperthyroidism

A

proptosis - thickening of fat at eye, or goitre

20
Q

what can be seen if the person has hypothyroidism

A

puffy face, dry hair

21
Q

what vessels drain into the internal jugular vein

A

facial vein, superior and middle thyroid vein

22
Q

describe digastric muscle

A

2 bellies - anterior and posterior. anterior runs from mandible to hyoid bone, posterior runs from base of skull near mastoid process to hyoid bone. bellies meet at central tendon which is held down to hyoid bone by loop of fascia. mylohyoid runs deep to this muscle

23
Q

how to tell the difference between facial artery and lingual artery

A

facial - more twisted, runs superficial to submandibular gland, enters face around massetter muscle
lingual - runs deep to gland, enters tongue

24
Q

what structure runs near the internal and external carotid arteries

A

hypoglossal nerve

25
name the extrsinic muscles of the tongue, their innervation and action
hyoglossus - lower tongue - hypoglossal nerve genioglossus - stick tongue out - hypoglossal nerve styloglossus - moves tongue backwards and upwards for swallowing - hypoglossal nerve palatoglossus - moves soft palate down - vagus nerve
26
what is the difference between the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of tongue
extrinsic change direction of tongue, intrinsic change the shape of the tongue
27
what might the appearance of the tongue suggest is present
smooth - anaemia | blue - respiratory problems
28
what area does the submental lymph nodes drain
chin and lower lip
29
what areas does the submandibular lymph nodes drain
superficial anterior face - cheek, lips, tongue, gums, palate, nose maxillary and paranasal sinuses
30
what areas does the parotid lymph nodes drain
posterior face
31
what other lymph nodes drain posterior face and head
posterior-auriculo nodes and occipital nodes
32
what do the deep cervical lymph nodes drain
everything from the more superficial nodes - submandibular and submental also deep tongue, pharynx, larynx
33
what is a large deep cervical lymph node
jugulo-digastric node - drains palatine tonsil
34
if someone had an enlarged submandibular lymph node where would you check
tongue, palate, gums, face - if nothing, may be in sinuses
35
what can cause an enlarged lymph node
malignancy - normally painless infection - painful and tender or past infection - fibrous
36
what would you check if a patient presented with enlarged supra clavicular lymph nodes
all other nodes draining into here - check submandibular and deep cervical if nothing - check the chest and abdomen
37
what causes generalised enlarged lymph nodes
systemic disease of lymph nodes - lymphoma, glandular fever