NDDs Flashcards
what is the definition of NDDs
define a range of conditions that involve a disruption in brain development leading to altered function or behaviour. This change in brain function of behaviour can manifest in difficultires in various domains, such as cofnitive, social, emotional, or physical abilites
What are the 6 key defning charactersitics of NDDs
- arises during childhood before puberty (schizophrenia is later onset)
- Effects are continuous and persistent throuhgout life
- high level of comorbidity between disorders
- multifactorial in origin, a single majoe cause is rare
- different rates occur among genders. males typically more affected
- the degree of impairment exists on a spectrum
Diagnostic system of the US vs. WHO
US - American psychiatric association – diagnostic and statisical manual of mental disorders (on version 5)
WHO - international classification of disease (IDC) on version 11
NDDs clincical vs. biological perspectives problems
- definitions are not consistent
- specifically the multiple etiologies
- comornitity
Stat on comorbidity
Sinzig 2009 – 22%-83% of children with ASD also satisfy the criteria for ADHD
and 30%-60% of chidlren with ADHD also satisfy the criteria for ASD
Stats on NDDs in males vs. females
ASD - 4 x more common in males than females
ADHD - 3:1 ratio of males to females
Tourettes: 4:1 males to females
Schizophrenia: 2:1 males to females
How does the size and structure of the human brain differ from that of a mouse?
The human brain is significantly more extensive and features a highly folded cerebral cortex
This increases surface area and allows for more complex neural networks.
What is the gestational period in humans compared to that in mice?
Approximately 40 weeks in humans compared to GDs 19-21 in mice
This difference leads to shorter developmental timelines in mice.
When does neural tube formation occur in rodents?
Mid-gestation between GDs 10.5-11
This is a critical period for brain development.
What is the timeline for neurogenesis in mice?
From approximately GD 9.5 until PND 15
Neurogenesis occurs after birth.
How does brain development in 1-to 10-day-old rodents compare to human development?
Generally equivalent to the third trimester in humans
This highlights the accelerated developmental pace in mice.
When does peak brain growth occur in rodents?
Between PNDs 7-8
In humans, peak brain growth occurs at birth.
At what gestational day does synaptogenesis start in mice?
At GD 16 - PND 21
Synaptogenesis extends to PND 21 around sexual maturity.
When does the myelination process begin and end in mice?
Starts postnatally at PND 10 and continues to about PND 90
Myelination is crucial for efficient neural signaling.
