NB3 development of the brain, functional localisaiton, functional org. of cerebral cortex

Question 1

Describe the formation of the neural tube?

Answer 1

1)neural plate froms in ectoderm layer, 2) it fold together forming the neural groove and folds. 2) The neural folds meet in midline and fuse beiginning in the cervical region then heading cephalic ( head ) and caudally (tail) 3) The leaves an internal cavity called the neural tube

Question 2

How does the neural tube communicate with the amniotic cavity?

Answer 2

cranial neuropore closes first (18-20 somite stage or 25th day, and 2 days later the caudal neuropores close

Question 3

1) What happens if the neuropores fail to close in the 3rd week of preganancy? 2) what can indicate that this is going to happen? 3) What can prevent this from happening? 4) How can they be detected?

Answer 3

1) Neural tube defects ( spina bifida occulta ( missing bone), meningocele ( missing bone + empty pocket), myelomeningocele ( missing bone + pocket filled with nerves), anencyphale (death missing part of brain) 2) high concentrations of maternal alpha-fetaprotein 3) folic acid supplements 4) ultrasound

Question 4

What are the 3 primmary vesicles of brain development in utero:

Answer 4

prosencephalon, mesencephalon rhobencephalon

Question 5

What are the 5 seconfary vesicles of brain development in utero: What do they become

Answer 5

1. telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres and lateral ventricles 2.diencephalon (thalamus,3rd ventricle) 3.mesencephalon (midbrain aqueduct) 4. metencephalon (pons, cerebellum, upper part of 4th vesicle) 5. myelencepahlon ( medulla + lower part of 4th vesicle)

Question 6

What is the cortex found in the precentral gyrus responsible for?

Answer 6

primmary motor cortex-voluntary movement

Question 7

Where is the primmary samatosensory cortex found?

Answer 7

post-central gyrus

Question 8

Damadge to the prefrontal cortex is likely to result in :

Answer 8

changes in personality

Question 9

Damadge to the occipital lobe is likely to result in?

Answer 9

loss of vision, blurred vision, vision impairment

Question 10

A patient presenting with difficultie in understanding likely has damadge to which area of her brain…

Answer 10

Wernicke’s are and broche’s area

Question 11

Name and function

Answer 11

Broca’s area

concerned with the production of speech

Question 12

Name and function:

Answer 12

Wernicke’s area

contains motor neurons involved in the comprehension of speech.

Question 13

1) What cell type is produced from haematopoetic stem cells?
2) What cell types are produced from glial cells?
3) What cell types are produced from neuronal progenitor?

Answer 13

1) microglia
2) astrocyte and oligodendrocyte
3) nerve cell