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ATC Basic > Navigation and Altimetry > Flashcards

Navigation and Altimetry Flashcards

1
Q

What is a restricted area?

A

An airspace of defined dimensions which in which the flight of aircraft is restricted in accordance with certain specified conditions.

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2
Q

What are some examples of restricted and prohibited areas?

A

Nuclear power stations, HM Prisons, some Military establishments.

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3
Q

What is an Emergency Controlling Authority?

A

An emergency restriction to inhibit flight in the vicinity of an emergency incident on land or sea within Uk FIRs.

May be Temporary Danger Area, or Temporary Restricted Area.

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4
Q

What is a Danger Area, and what types of activity may occur in one?

A

Airspace which has been notified as such within which activities dangerous to the flight of an aircraft may take place or exist at such times as may be notified.

Inevitably military in nature, uses and activities may include: captive balloon sites, weapons ranges, aircraft towing targets, military aircraft flying holding patterns.

Unauthorised entry into many Danger Areas is illegal.

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5
Q

What is a Danger Area Crossing Service (DACS)?

A

Inflight service available for around 25% of DA’s, to enable aircraft to cross a DA if in contact with the relevant ATCU. Frequencies for contact are printed on UK ICAO Aeronautical charts.

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6
Q

What is a Danger Area Activity Information Service (DAAIS)?

A

Inflight service available for 68% of DA’s, confirms status and restrictions of DA and may allow a pilot to traverse it if safe to do so. It is NOT a clearance to cross, the pilot must make a decision.

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7
Q

What is a Temporary Reserved Area (TRA)?

A

Defined volume of airspace normally under the jurisdiction of one aviation authority and temporarily reserved for the specific use of another aviation authority and through which other traffic may be allowed to transit under an ATS authority.

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8
Q

What is a Military Training Area (MTA)?

A

An area of Upper Airspace of defined dimensions within which intense military flying training takes place.

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9
Q

What is an Area of Intense Air Activity (AIAA)?

A

Airspace within which the intensity of civil/military flying is exceptionally high or where aircraft, either singly or in combination with others, regularly participate in unusual manoeuvres.

Pilots of non-participating aircraft who are unable to avoid AIAAs are to keep a good look out and are strongly advised to make use of a Radar Service if available.

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10
Q

What is an Aerial Tactics Area (ATA)?

A

Airspace of defined dimensions designated for aerial combat training, within which high energy manoeuvres are regularly practiced by aircraft formations.

Pilots of non-participating aircraft who are unable to avoid these areas are strongly advised to make use of a surveillance service.

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11
Q

What is an Air-to-Air Refuelling Area (AARA)?

A

Airspace of defined dimensions within which air-to-air refuelling takes place under radar service.

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12
Q

What is the UK Military Low Flying System?

A

Military low flying occurs in most parts of the U.K. up to 2000ft. However the greatest concentration is between 250-500ft and civil pilots are advised to avoid flying in that height band wherever possible.

Military aircraft are considered to be low flying when below 500ft for light propeller driven aircraft and helicopters, or below 2000ft for any other fixed wing aircraft.

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13
Q

What is a High Intensity Radio Transmission Area (HIRTA)?

A

Airspace of defined dimensions within which there is radio energy of an intensity which may cause interference with, and on rare occasions damage to, communications and navigation.

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14
Q

What is a Land-based Air Navigation Obstacle?

A

Any building or work, including waste heaps, which is at or exceeds 300ft agl.

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15
Q

What is an Aerodrome Obstacle?

A

An obstacle that is located on an area intended for the surface movement of aircraft, or that extends above a defined surface intended to protect aircraft in flight.

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16
Q

What is an En-route Obstacle?

A

Those located outside or beyond the the areas referred to for Aerodrome Obstacles.

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17
Q

What should an ATSO do if receiving the information that a captive balloon has broken free?

A

Telephone the appropriate ACC, stating the type and position of the balloon, whether carrying any person, direction and speed of drift and the length of cable that may still be attached to the balloon.

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18
Q

What are the two types of Danger Area and how are they shown on a chart?

A

Scheduled: Solid red outline and red hashing- always in effect during the specified times.
Notified: Dotted red outline and red hashing- only in effect when notified.

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19
Q

What is a Bird Sanctuary?

A

Airspace of defined dimensions within which large colonies of birds are known to breed.

20
Q

What is the Civil Aircraft Notification Procedure (CANP)?

A

Some civil aircraft operators have a requirement to fly at a low level when carrying out authorised aerial work (below 1000ft).
These operators are strongly recommended to notify details of this to a military contact who can inform them of any operations in the vicinity and pass there position on to relevant military aircraft.

21
Q

What is a prohibited area?

A

An airspace of defined dimensions within which the flight of aircraft is prohibited.

22
Q

What is a VOR and how does it work? What are its limitations?

A

Very High Frequency Omni-Directional Range

  • En-route and terminal navigation aid.
  • Instrument Approach Aid
  • Works by comparing the phase of two signals- reference and variable. Comparison of the signals provides 360 radials spaces at 1 degree intervals. (360°= north, 45°= north east etc.)
  • Shows direction to/from VOR

Nominally lone of sight range, max range governed by aircraft altitude and VOR elevation. Accurate to +/- 1°.

Limitations:
Provides no distance information.
Large site required.
Expensive to build and maintain.

23
Q

What is a DME and how does it work? What are its limitations?

A

Direction Measuring Equipment UHF
Transponder (air-ground interrogation and ground-air response). Classed as an SSR as it can differentiate between aircraft’s interrogations.
En route and approach aid.
Maximum range is line-of-sight, pilot must consider DOC (designated operational coverage). In en route phase the minimum indicated range is the aircrafts height in Nm when over the DME.
Accuracy 0.2Nm

Limitations:
Inaccuracy caused by ‘slant range’ (can’t distinguish between vertical and lateral distance).
No bearing information, associated NAVAID required.

24
Q

What is a TACAN?

A

A military en route and approach aid, a combination of a VOR and DME. UHF. Civil aircraft can only use the DME element (DMET).
Range same as VOR/DME. Accuracy 0.2Nm.

25
Q

What is an NDB and what are its limitations?

A

Non-Directional Beacon
Radio Transmission in all directions. ADF shows direction of NDB from the aircraft. MF en route and approach aid. Max range 50Nm. Less accurate than VOR/DME and variable.

Limitations:

  • Static interference from thunderstorms/electrical discharge.
  • Station interference (other radio waves eg commercial radio)
  • Night effect- sky waves refract further
  • Coastal refraction- different propagation properties of water/air
  • Mountain effect
  • Quadrantal error- induced signals along airframe confusing the ADF.
  • No failure warning.
26
Q

What is an ILS , how does it work and what are its limitations?

A

Instrument Landing System
Overlapping beams used to indicate correct approach. Localiser (VHF) provides azimuth guidance, glide path (UHF) provides elevation guidance.
Precision Approach Aid.
Range and Accuracy:
Localiser 25Nm at 10° either side of the path, to 0.5°
Glide path 10Nm at 8° either side of the path, to 0.14°

Limitations:
Beams must be protected.
Expensive to build and maintain.
Mirrored Glidepaths- encountered at angles that are multiples of the correct glidepath angle, leads to reversed fly-up/fly-down commands. (avoided by intercepting from below)
False localisers- encountered outside of DOC (avoided by not intercepting until in DOC).

ILS categories, RVR and Decision Height:

Cat 1 - 550m - 200ft
Cat 2 - 250m - 100ft
Cat 3a - 200m - Nil
Cat 3b - 50m - Nil
Cat 3c - 0m - Nil
27
Q

What is an MLS, how does it work and what are its limitations?

A

Microwave Landing System
Time Reference Scanning Beam (TRSB), microwave band.
Precision Approach Aid, allows curved approach.
Range: 20-30Nm, Azimuth scanning beam 40°-60° each side of centreline. Vertical guidance beam 0.9°-19° vertically.
Accuracy similar to or better than ILS.

Limitations:
Aircraft must fit dual ILS and MLS equipment.
Very expensive
Already superseded by GPS?

28
Q

What is an INS?

A

Inertial Navigation System
Accelerometers and gyros provide a self contained navigation system.
Used in en route navigation.

Requires accurate pre departure position input (susceptible to error).
Loses 0.6 Nm per hour- can be improved through IRS (inertial reference system) which automatically updates position using other NAVAIDS and corrects this error.
ILS/IRS systems are less accurate in the polar regions.

29
Q

What is GNSS?

A

Global Navigation Satellite System
Multiple fixes from orbiting satellites.
Range is worldwide.
Accuracy- Civil

30
Q

What are Q codes and what do they mean?

A

QDR- Magnetic bearing OF aircraft FROM airfield.
QDM- Magnetic track FROM aircraft TO airfield (reciprocal of QDR)
QTE- True bearing OF aircraft FROM DF station
QUJ- True track required to reach the DF station.
QTF- Position established by cross bearings from 2 DF sites (preferably confirmed by additional bearing from 3rd site- triangulation).

31
Q

What is a VDF?

A

VHF Direction Finder
Uses phase comparison of incoming signal to determine direction.
Provides ATC with bearing of aircraft from VDF aerial (usually on aircraft) or track aircraft should fly to reach airfield.
Operates automatically from pilots R/T transmissions.
Assists radar identification and pilots navigation.
Used for Instrument Approach Procedure.

Accuracy: 
A +/- 2 degrees
B +/- 5 degrees
C +/- 10 degrees
D >10 degrees
(DRDF +/- 1 degree)

Limitations:
Line of sight only.
Reflections dude to buildings, hangers aircraft and vehicles in the vicinity.
Range only 200Nm.

32
Q

What is an FMS and how does it work?

A

Flight Management System:
Can vary in complexity from basic heading and altitude hold to systems which can control the aircraft from departure to arrival.

Pilot enters info on route, waypoints, aircraft weight etc into control display.
FMS also gathers data from various sources including NAVAIDS and INS.
Uses this info to provide inputs to flight director and autopilot.

Changes can be made in flight via the Flight Director Interface. Information from all parts displayed on Guidance and Navigation Displays.

Modern FMS automatically obtain navigation data from several sources- if one aid fails FMS can use data from a different source.

SIDS, STARS, holding patterns etc can be flown by aircraft even if the NAVAID on which they are based is out of service.

33
Q

What is Performance Based Navigation (PBN)?

A

An ICAO concept whereby the accuracy and reliability of aircraft RNAV (Area Navigation) systems required for flight in certain air spaces, and for carrying out certain procedures such as SIDS, instrument final approaches etc are layer down as Required Navigation Performance (RNP) specifications.

34
Q

What is Required Navigational Performance (RNP)?

A

The necessary accuracy of RNAV systems.
RNP 5- system must be accurate to within 5nm
RNP 0.3- system must be accurate to within 0.3nm.

RNAV systems that do not contain an automatic monitoring or alerting system are known simply as RNAV.

35
Q

What is Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitor (RAIM)?

A

An automatic RNAV monitoring and alerting system to warn of significant system degradation.
Most common is RAIM, which compares signals from all visible GNSS against the 3 or 4 being used to ascertain position in order to check and compensate for inaccuracies.
RNAV system with this capability are referred to as RNP systems.

36
Q

What is an RNP Approach (RNP APCH)?

A

Specifies that if RNAV equipment meets RNP 1 and contains a RAIM (RNP?) it can be used for initial and intermediate approaches and if necessary missed approaches, but NOT final approach.
If RNP equipment meets RNP 0.3 it can be used for instrument final approaches, where such procedures have been published.

37
Q

What is an RNP Authorisation Required (AR) APCH?

A

Where greater accuracy than RNP APCH required (eg significant high terrain, obstacles near approach path), only RNP systems certified to RNP 0.1 can be used to carry out these approaches.

38
Q

What are GPS Augmentation Systems?

A

In order to be sufficiently accurate for RNP operations, GPS needs accuracy and reliability enhanced by one or more augmentation systems:

Satellite Based Augmentation System (SBAS):
Extra SBAS satellites in geo-stationary orbit used to correct inaccuracies in GPS signals in that area of the world that owns the SBAS satellites. (USA, Europe, Japan, India- systems are compatible)

Ground Based Augmentation System (GBAS):
Operates similarly to SBAS, except correction signals broadcast by a ground station and cover a much smaller area.
Latest GBAS systems are most accurate GNSS available- approaches using GNSS augmented by GBAS (GBAS Landing System (GLS)) currently being developed, will be accurate enough for Precision Approaches (not yet!).

Aircraft Based Augmentation System (ABAS):
Equipment in the aircraft checks integrity of GPS signals and adds corrections.
2 types:
RAIM- Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitor: uses signals from all visible GPS satellites to check for a correct inaccuracies contained in the signals of one or more of them.
AAIM- Aircraft Autonomous Integrity Monitor: compares GPS position with position obtained from INS and/or ground based NAVAIDS such as VORs/DME/ contained in navigational database.

Ground Based or Aircraft Based Augmentation System.

39
Q

What is the need for navigation in aviation?

A

How to get from A to B.

40
Q

What is Air Speed?

A

The air speed of an aircraft is the speed at which it moves through the air mass in which it flies. Air speed is measured by ascertaining the air pressure this movement exerts on the aircraft. This dynamic pressure is directly proportional to the speed of the aircraft. It can also be affected by atmospheric density- may not be as accurate at high altitudes.

The performance criteria of an aeroplane is related to Indicated Air Speed (what speed to fly with flaps etc).

41
Q

What are IAS, RAS and TAS, and why are they necessary?

A

IAS- Indicated Air Speed:
Air speed shown directly on the airspeed indicator. Suffers from 3 errors: Fault in instrument, badly positioned Pitot Head, density error.

RAS- Rectified Air Speed:
This is IAS which has been corrected for instrument and position error, available to pilot to add or subtract from IAS (usually small, 2 knots)

TAS- True Air Speed:
This is RAS which has been corrected for density error. At speeds in excess of 300kts the air ahead of the aircraft gets significantly compressed.

42
Q

What is Groundspeed?

A

The speed of the aircraft over the ground.

43
Q

What is a Nautical Mile?

A 
The length of arc of a great circle subtended by one minute of angle measured at the centre of the earth. 
A knot is one nautical mile per hour. 
There are:
6080ft in a Nautical Mile
5280ft in a Statute Mile
3280ft in a Kilometre.
44
Q

What is Air Position?

A

The position on the ground over which the aircraft would have been in zero wind velocity.

45
Q

What is Ground Position?

A

The position directly beneath an aircraft at a given time.

46
Q

What is the need for maps and charts and how are they accurately produce?

A

Most accurate representation of the earth= A globe.
Impractical to have one of an appropriate scale on a flight deck.

Method of representation of 3D shape on 2D surface= Projections.

Types of Map Projections:

Cylindrical Projections:
Mercators Conformal Projection, Transverse Mercator Conformal Projection (used for Equatorial/Polar maps)

Lamberts Conformal Conic Projection (used for Mid-latitude maps).

Conformal- All angles and bearings on the earth are accurately represented.

Charts:

Representation of earths surface which can be overlaid with specific information not visible on surface. Purpose decides choice of information, which could include Lat and Long, Relief (elevation), divisions of airspace, danger areas etc.

ATC Basic (8 decks)

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