Law Flashcards
What are SARPS?
Standards and recommended practices.
Standard Practice- a specification, the uniform application of which is NECESSARY for the safety of regularity of international air navigation.
Contracting states WILL conform to standards.
If impossible to comply, it is COMPULSORY to notify the council.
U.K. Law differences published in UK AIP, Gen 1.7
Recommended Practice- a specification, the uniform application of which is DESIRABLE in the interests of safety, regularity or efficiency.
Contracting states will ENDEAVOUR to conform.
States are INVITED to inform the council of non- compliance.
What are PANS?
Procedures for Air Navigation Services.
Do not have the same status as SARPS.
Contain operating practices and material too detailed for SARPS.
What are SUPPS?
Regional Supplementary Procedures.
Considered necessary to supplement PANS.
9 geographical regions to cater for different types of flying operations.
What is EASA?
European Aviation Safety Agency.
Established in 2002 by EU.
Based on the LEGAL framework of the European Community.
Creates draft regulations to be adopted into law.
31 signatories, 650 aviation experts and administrators.
Aims to promote common standards of safety and environmental protection in civil aviation.
What is EUROCONTROL?
European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation.
Founded in 1960- civil-military organisation.
40 member states.
Aims: restructure European airspace, build a single European sky, implement economic measures.
Operates: the Maastricht Upper Control Centre, CMFU, Central Route Charges Office.
What is ECAC?
European Civil Aviation Conference.
Think tank to provide expertise to EASA and EUROCONTROL.
Does not have regulatory powers.
What is the CAA?
Civil Aviation Authority.
Public corporation, established by Parliament as Uk specialist aviation regulator.
Responsibilities include:
Air Safety, Economic Regulation, Airspace Regulation, Consumer Protection, Environmental Research.
Split into 3 main groups:
Regulatory Policy Group- economic regulation.
Consumer Protection Group- manages ATOL
Safety and Airspace Management (SARG)
What is SARG?
Safety and Airspace Regulation Group. To ensure that UK civil aviation standards are set and achieved. Responsibilities: Harmonising European Standards Air traffic control services Medicals Training Incident reporting Also responsible for planning and regulating uk airspace.
What is the purpose and function of ICAO?
- specialised agency of the UN
- HQ in Montreal, 7 regional offices.
- 191 contracting states.
- aim: To develop the principals and techniques of international air navigation.
To foster the planning and development of international civil air transport. - 96 articles, 18 annexes
What are the parameters for issue of a Student ATC license?
- Be at least 18 years old.
- Meet minimum specified educational qualifications.
- Successfully complete approved initial training relevant to the rating
- Hold a valid medical certificate
- English language level 4+
NB No expiry for student license, but must exercise privileges within one year.
What is a ceiling?
1) Cloud Ceiling: In relation to an aerodrome the vertical distance from the elevation of the aerodrome to the lowest part of any cloud visible from the aerodrome which is sufficient to cover more than one half of the sky.
2) Ceiling: The height above the ground or water of the base of the lowest layer of cloud below 20000ft covering more than half the sky.
What is visibility for aeronautical purposes?
The greater of:
1) The greatest distance at which a black object of suitable dimensions, situated near the ground, can be seen and recognised when observed against a bright background.
2) The greatest distance at which lights in the vicinity of 1000 candelas can be seen and identified against an unlit black background.
What is Ground Visibility?
The visibility at an aerodrome, as reported by an accredited observer or by automatic systems.
What is Flight Visibility?
The visibility forward from the cockpit of an aircraft in flight.
What is meant by Night?
The time from half an hour after sunset until half an hour before sunrise inclusive, with both sunrise and sunset determined at surface level.
What are Visual Meteorological Conditions?
Meteorological conditions expressed in terms of visibility, distance from cloud, and ceiling, equal to or better than specified minima.
What are Instrument Meteorological Conditions?
Meteorological conditions expressed in terms of visibility, distance from cloud, and ceiling, less than the minima specified for Visual Meteorological Conditions.
What factors might affect VMC minima?
- Type of airspace.
- Type of aircraft.
- Height aircraft is flying.
- Speed of aircraft.
- Day or night.
What are the requirements for VFR flights at night?
- If the aircraft leaves the vicinity of the aerodrome it must file a flight plan.
- The cloud ceiling must be at least 1500ft amsl, and visibility must be at least 5km (3km for helicopters).
- Flying at 3000ft or below, the surface must be in sight at all times.
- Aircraft flown with at least 1000ft clearance above the highest fixed object within 8km of the aircraft, or 2000ft when flying over high or mountainous terrain.
To what provisions of SERA shall VFR flights comply?
- Type of service available.
- Air traffic clearance adherence.
- Flight plan adherence.
- Position reports.
- Two-way communications.
- Shall fly at cruising levels allocated in SERA appendix 3, unless specified by competent authority.
What is SERA appendix 3?
Cruising flight levels for VFR flights in airspace categorised as B, C, D:
- Westbound traffic: Even flight levels + 500ft (2000ft apart)
- Eastbound traffic: Odd flight levels + 500ft (2000ft apart).
What is the rule regarding Proximity?
Aircraft shall not be in such proximity to other aircraft as to create a collision hazard.
What are the parameters for Formation Flight?
Aircraft shall not be flown in formation except by prearrangement among the pilots in command and, for formation flight in controlled airspace, in accordance with the conditions prescribed by the competent authority.
What are the basic rights of way?
Flying machines shall give way to airships, balloons and gliders; Airships shall give way to gliders and balloons; and Gliders shall give way to balloons.
Aircraft overtaking:
Aircraft being overtaken has right of way, but must maintain heading and altitude until clear.
Aircraft overtaking always overtakes on the right (gliders left or right).
NB. This is opposite from on the ground.
Converging aircraft at the same altitude: one with the other on its right gives way by turning to the right
What rights of way and rules apply to traffic in the vicinity of an aerodrome? (6 points)
Flying machine, glider or airship shall conform to traffic pattern or keep clear, and make all turns to LEFT unless authorised otherwise (ground signals or ATC).
Aircraft landing or on final approach has right of way over other aircraft in flight or on the ground.
Lower aircraft on final approach has right of way, other aircraft shall not cut in front unless ATC say so or in emergency. At night aircraft in front cleared on final will go around if there is an aircraft in emergency behind unless ATC clears to land AGAIN.
No land after unless ATC authorises.
If no runway, land and take off with other aircraft to left (includes gliders).
Aircraft must clear the landing area asap unless ATC say otherwise.
What separate rules apply to gliders?
When under tow, considered to be one machine with, and under command of, towing aircraft.
Mechanically driven aircraft must give way to a towing aircraft.
Gliders may overtake on either side.
What are Aerobatics and what are the rules surrounding them?
Aerobatic Manoeuvres include: Loops, Spins, Bunts (inverted loop), Stall turns, Inverted flying and any similar.
Can never be performed over congested area of city, town or settlement (congested means any area which is substantially see for residential, industrial, commercial or recreational purposes).
In CAS only with the consent of appropriate ATCU.
What aircraft do Articles 163-168 of the ANO refer to?
Captive and Tethered Balloons, Kites, Airships, Gliders, Parascending parachutes, Small unmanned aircraft (drones), Rockets.
What rule governs the use of navigation aids at aerodromes outside of controlled airspace? Why is this important?
Aircraft using any radio navigation aid must comply with notified procedure, unless authorised by ATC or aircraft is required to comply with an ATC clearance.
Negates potential conflict between en-route IFR flights using these beacons and VFR aircraft using holding and approach procedures.
What speed limit is in force below FL100, and what exceptions exist?
Aircraft below FL100 to fly 250kts or less.
Except:
Flights in Class A and B airspace.
IFR flights in Class C airspace.
VFR flights in Class C airspace when approved in MATS Part 2 and authorised by ATC.
Aircraft subject to written permission granted by the CAA, eg. Flying displays, test flying
State aircraft such as military aircraft.
What conditions must be applied by by the pilot and ATC to qualify for a Special VFR flight?
Pilot:
Clear of cloud and WSIS (With surface in sight), flight visibility not less than 1500m (helicopters 800m), IAS of 140 kts or less.
ATC:
During the day only (unless permitted by CAA), ground visibility not less than 1500m (helicopters 800m), ceiling not less than 600ft.
What rules apply to changing from IFR to VFR?
- Must notify the appropriate ATSU specifically of cancellation (and communicate changes to flight plan).
- Aircraft shall not cancel its IFR flight if it encounters VMC, unless it is anticipated the flight will continue in uninterrupted VMC for a reasonable period.
When might an IFR flight be exempted from following the Semi-circular cruising rule? (5 points)
- When following ATSU instructions.
- When allocated levels to join, cross or leave controlled airspace.
- In accordance with holding procedures notified with relation to an aerodrome.
- Provided with level and/or heading allocations for positioning and sequencing.
- As otherwise specified by the CAA.
What rules apply to IFR flight rules outside controlled airspace?
- Shall be flown at cruising level appropriate to its track as per the semi-circular rule.
- Within or into areas, or along routes, designated by the competent authority… shall maintain an air-ground voice communication watch on the appropriate channel and establish two-way communication with the air traffic services unit.
- Shall report time and level of passing compulsory reporting points, or as requested by the ATCU. (solid or hollow purple triangle).
What rule governs the use of navigation aids at aerodromes outside of controlled airspace? Why is this important?
Aircraft using any radio navigation aid must comply with notified procedure, unless authorised by ATC or aircraft is required to comply with an ATC clearance.
Negates potential conflict between en-route IFR flights using these beacons and VFR aircraft using holding and approach procedures.