Navigation Flashcards
How to perform airborne VOR check
Dual receivers method - Tune two VOR receivers to same station and note disparity
Airborne method - fly over a known landmark on a known radial and se if indicated and actual position match
What is northerly turning error?
Compass lags turns to the south and leads turns to the north
How to calculate rate of decent needed for 3 degree glide path
Ground speed times 5
Drift correction formula
300/TAS= #of degrees change for each 5 kts crosswind
How to know if VOR station is working
Tune to station frequency and hear morse code ident
LO chart scale and altitude covered
Covers up to but not including 18000’ ASL
No standard scale
VOR check tolerances
+/- 6 degrees for landmark method
4 degree disparity for dual receiver method
Compass acceleration error
on east/west headings shows turn toward north upon acceleration and toward south upon deceleration
VOR/GPS receiver CDI increments
VOR: 2 degrees per dot full deflection = 10 degrees
GPS: 1 mile per dot full deflection = 5 miles
LO chart projection used
Lambert conformal conic
Published radial accuracy tolerance
+/- 3 degrees
Aviation communications frequency band
118.0 - 137.0 MHz
ADF power output categories
Low = less than 50 watts
Medium = 50 - 2000 watts
High = more than 2000 watts
ADF errors
- Shoreline effect - Radio waves bend as they pass from land to water. most pronounced within a 30 degree angle from parallel with coastline
- Mountain effect - radio waves bounce off mountains
- Night effect - Ionosphere becomes refractive at night shooting erroneous waves to receiver. Select station with lower frequency to minimize.
- Bank error - The two ADF antennae change relative position while aircraft is banked. ADF readings unreliable in a turn.
- Static interference - ADF is subject to interference from storms, ore deposits.
ADF frequency operation range
LF/MF
Heavy lined box on VNC meaning
Maned FSS at aerodrome
Class F airspace entry requirements
Advisory - May enter with caution
Restricted - must obtain permission from person sited in the DAH
Where is a transponder required
Class A,B,C and designated Class D and E airspace
Class E control area standard floor
2200’
Entry requirements for class D airspace
Establish Radio communication
Entry requirements for class C airspace
Obtain ATC clearance
must have transponder
class B entry requirements
Obtain ATC clearance
Must have transponder
Where is Class B airspace
Resides above all control areas starting at 12500’ up to but not including 18000’ (including airways)
LO chart dimensions
No standard scale
Up to but not including 18000’ ASL
LO chart amendment frequency
56 days
Tango Vs. Lima routes
Tango = Fixed route between two GPS waypoints in controlled airspace
Lima = same thing in uncontrolled airspace
DME slant range
DME measures distance directly from the station to the transponder, not distance along the ground. DME will read greater distance than actual ground distance. less pronounced at lower altitudes
LO chart MEA and MOCA
MEA = Minimum enroute altitude
MOCA = Minimum obstacle clearance altitude (denoted by * on chart)
LO chart MRA
Minimum Reception Altitude for certain VHF and UHF intersections
Aviation Navigation frequency band
108.1 - 117.95 MHz
112.0 - 117.95 MHz in Canada
RAAS meaning and indication on chart
Remote Aerodrome Advisory Service. Indicated by thin lined comms box on chart
Characteristic of VHF waves
-Subject to line of sight
-Subject to some static interference (less so than LF/MF)
-Clear communication
What to do when experiencing night effect with ADF
Select station with lower frequency
Functions of an FIC vs. FSS
FIC = Flight planning, weather
FSS = Airport advisory,
Latitude is measured from _____
The equator to north/south poles
What to do if you get RAIM warning
Stop navigating with GPS and revert to other means
At what altitude does class B airspace start
12,501’
1 inch on VNC = ___
7 NM
One min. of arc on great circle = ______
1 NM
Longitude is measured from _______
Prime meridian (0 degrees) east or west to international date line (180 degrees)
LO chart airway dimensions
VOR and NDB
VOR only - 4 NM wide with 4.5 degree splay. splay starts 50.8 NM away from station
NDM involved - 4.34 NM wide with 5 degree splay. splay starts 49.66 NM away from station
What is PAL as noted on nav. box
Peripheral station - connects you to radar service
What does MOCA guarantee
Obstacle clearance of 1000’ above highest obstacle along airway
When tracking inbound, set CDI to _____
Inbound track (Center CDI w/ TO indication)
