Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Yachtmaster / Day Skipper > Nautical Terms and Charts > Flashcards

Nautical Terms and Charts Flashcards

1
Q

The direction towards the wind

A

Windward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The direction away from the wind

A

Leeward (“Loo-erd”)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Drift due to the wind

A

Leeway (“Loo-way”)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The widest part of the boat

A

Beam

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

90 degrees to the right

A

Starboard beam

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

90 degrees to the left

A

Port beam

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Left

A

Port

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Right

A

Starboard

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Port

A

Left

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Starboard

A

Right

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What colour is the port navigation light?

A

Red

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Aft

A

Towards the stern

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Points of Sail:

What is “Close Hauled”

A

On the border of the “No sail zone” - 45 degrees from “head to wind”.

Physics:

  • High wind fraction hitting the hull
  • Fair wind hitting sail (narrow)
  • Small angle of wind ΔV
  • Fair force from wind on sails
  • Force on sails is slightly forward
  • Boat “generates its own wind”
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Points of Sail:

What is “Head to Wind”

A

When the boat is heading towards the wind - Ideal for stopping the boat.

Physics:

  • All wind hitting hull
  • No wind hitting sail
  • No wind ΔV
  • No angle of wind ΔV
  • No force from wind on sails
  • Force on sails is over 90 degrees to boat direction.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Points of Sail:

What is the “No Sail Zone”?

A

A zone 45 degrees either side of the “Head to Wind”.

Physics:

  • High wind fraction hitting hull
  • Little wind hitting sail (narrow)
  • Tiny angle of wind ΔV
  • Little force from wind on sails
  • Any force on sail is mostly perpendicular
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Points of Sail:

What is “Close Reach”?

A

Partially into the wind, between “Beam Reach” and “Close Hauled”.

Physics:

  • Less wind fraction hitting hull
  • Fair wind hitting sail
  • Larger angle of wind ΔV
  • Less force from wind on sails
  • Force on sails is slightly forward
  • Boat “generates its own wind” and can go faster.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Points of Sail:

What is “Beam Reach”?

A

Beam points into wind- bow points 90 degrees to wind.

Physics:

  • Smaller wind fraction hitting hull.
  • Good wind hitting sail
  • Large angle of wind ΔV
  • Good force from wind on sails
  • Force on sails is slightly forward
  • Cannot go faster than wind.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Points of Sail:

What is “Broad Reach”?

A

Between “Beam Reach” and “Running” - ~95-175 degrees from the wind.

Physics:

  • Small wind fraction hitting hull.
  • Lots of wind hitting sail
  • Very large angle of wind ΔV
  • Large change in wind ΔV
  • Good force from wind on sails
  • Force on sails can be entirely forward.
  • Cannot go faster than wind
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Points of Sail:

What is “Running”?

A

180 degrees from the wind.

Physics:

  • Tiny wind fraction hitting hull.
  • Most of the wind hitting sail.
  • Wind is “stopped”.
  • Good force from wind on sails
  • Force on sails can entirely forward.
  • Cannot go faster than wind.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

If a sail is “backed”, where is the leech facing?

A

In a windward direction

  • Foresail is backed when heaving to.
  • Useful in MOB manoeuvres.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

abeam

A

-Roughly 90 degrees to the boat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Nautical Miles : Degrees [Give Ratio]

A

60 : 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Degrees : Earth Circumferences [Give Ratio]

A

360 : 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the Earth’s circumference [Nautical miles]?

A

21600 Nautical Miles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Cables : Nautical Miles

A

10 : 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How long is a cable?

A

185m

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Given a cable is 185m, how long is the Earth’s circumference [in m]?

A

39,960,000m

185m x 10 x 60 x 360

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Nautical Miles : Minutes of latitude?

A

1 : 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What happens to the size of a minute of longitude as you go North?

A

A minute of longitude gets shorter the further North you go. At the poles, minutes of longitude are 0m in length.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is “Chart datum”?

A

The lowest the tide of a chart should conceivably go.

-Depths are measured from this.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are bridge/cable clearance heights measured from?

A

HAT

-Highest Astronomical Tide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are lighthouse/buildings heights measured from?

A

MHWS

-Mean High-Water Springs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are chart heights and depths measured in?

A

Meters.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q 
Admiralty charts:
What do the following shadings mean?
-White
-Blue
-Green
-Yellow
A
  • White = >10m Depth
  • Blue = <10m Depth
  • Green = Uncovered at chart datum
  • Yellow = Land
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What must be done to the magnetic North Pole when charting?

A

It must be corrected to find the true North Pole

-Called “Variation”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

If the magnetic pole is “left” of the true pole, from where the vessel is, what is this called?

A

West variation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

If the magnetic pole is “right” of the true pole, from where the vessel is, what is this called?

A

East variation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

When given one of a chart’s compass roses, the arrow pointing to Magnetic North has this written on it:
“3°40’W 2021 (8’E)”

What does this mean?

A

Magnetic North is 3 degrees, 40 minutes west of True North in 2021. Every year Magnetic North is moving 8 minutes East.

This is also a West variation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

When given one of a chart’s compass roses, the arrow pointing to Magnetic North has this written on it:
“3°40’W 2021 (8’E)”

What should an updated compass rose say in 2022?

A

3°32’W 2022 (8’E)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Say and explain the pneumonic for westerly variation.

A

“MAG TO GRID = GET RID
GRID TO MAG = ADD”

  • Magnetic to grid (chart) = get rid (subtract) variation
  • Grid (chart) to magnetic = Add variation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Say and explain the pneumonic for easterly or westerly variation

A

“If the error is WEST, then magnetic will be BEST
If the error is EAST, then magnetic will be LEAST”

  • Magnetic bearing with Westerly variation will be best (Greater) than the true bearing.
  • Magnetic bearing with Easterly variation will be least (Lesser) than the true bearing.

-This, for me at least. is quite hard to get your head around. I recommend drawing it out on paper.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

When using a compass, what must you be wary of leaving/holding near them?

A

Electromagnetic or ferrous materials like phones etc.

-Can interfere with where “Magnetic north” is

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

When you get a compass swung (Akin to a repair), what do you receive with it?

A

A deviation card.

  • This card tells you the error in magnetic North that this particular compass + vessel has.
  • 2D grid: Bearing (y axis) vs Deviation (x axis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What does °C mean?

A

“Compas Bearing”

  • This is either fully adjusted from the chart or
  • Needs to be adjusted if using it for the chart.
45
Q

What is the Equation for °C?

A

°C = Compass Deviation + Magnetic Variation + °T

e. g.
- Chart says heading is 245°T
- Variation on compass rose is +4°W
- Deviation card for 245 degrees is +1°W
- °C = 1 + 4 + 245 = 250°

46
Q

What does °T mean?

A

“True bearing”

  • This is the bearing shown on the chart
  • Needs to be adjusted to get a compass bearing
47
Q

Convert this true bearing to magnetic:

126°T Variation 4°W

A

130°C

WEST = Magnetic is BEST

48
Q

Convert this true bearing to magnetic:

358°T Variation 6°W

A

004°C

WEST = Magnetic is BEST: 364° = 004°

49
Q

Convert this true bearing to magnetic:

180°T Variation 10°E

A

170°C

EAST = Magnetic is LEAST

50
Q

Convert this magnetic bearing to true:

324°M Variation 3°W

A

321°T

WEST = Magnetic is BEST

51
Q

Convert this magnetic bearing to true:

002°M Variation 10°W

A

352°T

WEST = Magnetic is BEST

52
Q

Convert this magnetic bearing to true:

270°M Variation 5°E

A

275°T

EAST = Magnetic is LEAST

53
Q

Variation is 5°W. No Deviation card. The heading should be 045°T, but your compass is reading 055°C. What is the deviation?

A

5°W

  • Variation is west (WEST = magnetic is best)
  • 045°T + 5° = 050°M
  • 050°M + D°W = 055°C
  • D°W = 055°C - 050°M
54
Q 
Chart Symbols (With lack of image)
What does this mean?
-------------|-- 1600
A

Dead reckoning (DR).

55
Q 
Chart Symbols (With lack of image)
What does this mean?
-------------Δ 0800
A

Estimated Position (EP).

56
Q 
Chart Symbols (With lack of image)
What does this mean?
[Circle with dot in it] 1600 or [circle with 3 arrows pointing out] 0745
A

Fix (Observed position).

57
Q 
Chart Symbols (With lack of image)
What does this mean?
[Square with central cross going over square's borders] 1300
A

Waypoint.

58
Q 
Chart Symbols (With lack of image)
What does this mean?
-------------->
A

Line of position.

59
Q 
Chart Symbols (With lack of image)
What does this mean?
[Bendy double-ended arrow]
A

Range.

60
Q 
Chart Symbols (With lack of image)
What does this mean?
[Double ended arrow on contour line]
A

Depth contour line.

61
Q 
Chart Symbols (With lack of image)
What does this mean?
--------->--------
A

Course through the water.

-Course taken off the distance travelled (on log) and bearing the boat was facing + leeway adjustment.

62
Q 
Chart Symbols (With lack of image)
What does this mean?
--------->>---------
A

Course over ground.

  • Course through water + adjustments for wind and tide.
  • “Course over the ground I.E. Seabed”.
63
Q 
Chart Symbols (With lack of image)
What does this mean?
--------->>>---------
A

Tidal stream.

-Adjustment bearing used to work out “course over ground”.

64
Q

How often to neap and spring tides occur?

A

Fortnightly.

65
Q

When do spring tides occur?

A

When there is a full moon or a new moon.

  • Moon is “working with” the sun to produce the high tide.
  • Seeing as the moon cycle is a month-long, these occur fortnightly
66
Q

When do neap tides occur?

A

When there is a half-moon.

  • Moon is “working against” the sun to produce high tides.
  • Seeing as there are half-moons twice in a moon cycle, these happen fortnightly.
67
Q

What are the six defined tide levels?

A
  • HAT - Highest Astronomical Tide
  • MHWS - Mean High Water Spring
  • MHWN - Mean High Water Neap
  • MLWN - Mean Low Water Neap
  • MLWS - Mean Low Water Spring
  • Chart Datum / LAT - Lowest Astronomical Tide.
68
Q

Where is “charted depth” measured from?

A

The chart datum.

69
Q

At what level would a charted “green” area definitely be completely covered by water

A

MHWS - Mean High Water Spring

-More specifically you can see how far above chart datum it would be covered.

70
Q

On a tide table, what must be done for times on an un-shaded day?

A

An hour must be added to the times, as these are set to summer time.

71
Q

On a tide table, how can you distinguish a neap, a spring, and any other day?

A
  • Springs’ dates are coloured red.
  • Neaps’ dates are coloured blue.
  • Other dates are black.
72
Q

What kind of tide has a greater range? Spring or neap?

A

Spring tides have a greater range.

73
Q

Talk through the steps of checking what time the tide will be at a certain level.

A
  • 1: Get a tide curve and a tide table for the area.
  • 2: Look at the day you want on the tide chart, and transfer the time of high OR low water to the tide curve.
  • 3: On the bottom scale, plot where low water is from the tide table, do the same at the top scale for high water.
  • 4: Draw a line between the two points.
  • 5: Pick the height you’re interested in, and draw 3 lines, consecutively perpendicular, from the scale to the drawn line to the appropriate curve (dependent on whether it is rising, falling, spring, or neap), then to the time.
74
Q

How much clearance under your keel do you generally need to have at any time?

A

At least 1m

75
Q

If you have a draught of 3.2m, and chart datum is 3m, what is the minimum height low tide can be if you want to anchor?

A

Low tide = 1.2m

  • Take draught + 1m clearance = 4.2m
  • CD = 3m
  • 4.2 - 3 = 1.2m
76
Q

Nwelyn high water is -0040h and -0110h compared to Plymouth at 0000h/1200h and 0600/1800h respectively.

If high water in Plymouth on the 16th of October is at 0801h and 2014h, what times is highwater in Nwelyn?

A

0701h and 1914h

  • 0801 is between 0600 (-0110h = -70min) and 1200 (-40min).
  • 70 - 40 = 30min
  • 0801h is 1/3 between 0600h and 1200h
  • 30min x 1/3 = 10
  • 70min - 10min = 60mins
  • 0801 - 60mins = 0701.
77
Q

On a tidal diamond table, there are 4 numbers in each row:
-4 - 034 - 0.9 - 0.5
What do they each mean?

A
  • -4 Hours from high tide.
  • 034°T direction of tide flow.
  • 0.9 knots at spring tide.
  • 0.5 knots at neap tide.
78
Q

GPS, what is:
COG
SOG
ETA

A
  • Course Over Ground
  • Speed Over Ground
  • Estimated Time of Arrival
79
Q

Fixing:

What is a “transit”?

A

When two or more objects are aligned, giving an instant indication that you are on the transit line.

80
Q

Fixing:

In a 3 point fix, which bearing should you take last?

A

The bearing closest to the direction of the beam.

-The angle of this bearing will change the fastest, as your vessel moves past it.

81
Q

Fixing:

What is a “cocked hat”?

A

A triangle produced from the inaccurate taking of a 3 point fix. Leads to an area of uncertainty.
-At least one of them should be retaken to confirm the position.

82
Q

“Course to steer” plotting:

When marking points, what do points A, B, C, and D represent?

A

A- Current position
B- Desired destination
C- Position tide will take the vessel after the time we predict it will take to get to B.
D- Position the vessel will end at, if we adjust the course to steer, accounting for the tidal stream.

83
Q

“Course to steer” plotting:

What points do you measure between to find the speed over the ground?

A

A and D

  • A = Initial Position
  • D = Final position (e.g, after an hour), adjusted for tidal flow.
84
Q

“Course to steer” plotting:

For winds above 7 knots, what system works well for adjusting course?

A

Assume you’ll be blown 2° off course for every increase in “Beaufort Wind Force”.

  • E.g., Force 3 gives 6° of leeway, force 5 gives 10° of leeway.
  • It is a rough system and will leave you, if anything, upwind of your destination.
85
Q

Buoys/Beacons:

How can you remember the colour scheme of all 4 cardinal buoys?

A

The arrows point to where the black colour is.

E.g., Two downwards arrows = South (rotated 90 degrees clockwise). Colour: yellow=top and black=bottom.

86
Q

Buoys/Beacons:

What is the colour and symbol for a North cardinal buoy?

A

Two arrows pointing upwards. Colour = Black top, yellow bottom.

87
Q

Buoys/Beacons:

What is the colour and symbol for an East cardinal buoy?

A

Two arrows pointing outwards. Colour = Black top, yellow middle, black bottom.

88
Q

Buoys/Beacons:

What is the colour and symbol for a South cardinal buoy?

A

Two arrows pointing downwards. Colour = Yellow top, black bottom.

89
Q

Buoys/Beacons:

What is the colour and symbol for a West cardinal buoy?

A

Two arrows pointing inwards. Colour = Yellow top, black middle, yellow bottom.

90
Q

Buoys/Beacons:

How do Cardinal buoys flash?

A

Think CLOCK

  • North: Flashes continuously (12)
  • East: Flashes 3 times
  • South: Flashes 6 times + 1 long flash
  • West: Flashes 9 times.
91
Q

Buoys/Beacons:

Describe the “Isolated Danger Mark”.

A
  • Sits on top of the danger, but clear water around.
  • Black, Red, Black.
  • Two black balls on top.
  • Light: White, flashing in 2s.
92
Q

Buoys/Beacons:

Describe the “Safe Water Mark”.

A
  • Marks the start of a safe buoy channel.
  • Red, White.
  • Light: White, isophase or occulting.
93
Q

Buoys/Beacons:

Describe the “Temporary Wreck Mark”.

A
  • Marks recent wrecks in shipping lanes
  • Yellow, blue.
  • Light: Alternating blue and yellow.
94
Q

Buoys/Beacons:

Describe the IALA A “Lateral Marks”.

A
  • Port and starboard-hand posts for coming upstream.
  • Port: Red. Starboard: Green.
  • Port: Can-shaped. Starboard: Conical-shaped.
95
Q

Buoys/Beacons:

Describe the IALA A “Preferred channel” mark.

A

At the start of two split channels.
-If buoy should be on your port side for “preferred channel”, Colour = Red, Green, Red. +Can-shaped + “2+1” red light pattern.

-If buoy should be on your starboard side for “preferred channel”, Colour = Green, Red, Green. +Cone-shaped + “2+1” green light pattern.

96
Q

Buoys/Beacons:

What is the difference between “occult”, “flashing”, and “isoform” lights?

A
  • Occult: Period of light is longer than the period of dark.
  • Flashing: Period of dark longer than the period of light.
  • Isoform: Period of dark and light are equal.
97
Q

Buoys/Beacons:

What is the major difference in IALA B areas compared to A?

A
  • Port and starboard shapes are the same when entering a channel.
  • Port and starboard colours are swapped.
98
Q

Buoys/Beacons:

What are fixed lights?

A

Lights that show the extremities of a land-feature

-2FR (vert) and 2FG (vert) (Port and Starboard).

99
Q

Buoys/Beacons:
Lighthouses: What would this signify:
Fl(3)WR.20s 14/12M

A
  • Flashing 3 Times
  • White sector
  • Red sector (rocky areas, normally)
  • Flashes 3 times every 20 seconds
  • Nominal range (white) is 14 miles
  • Nominal range (red) = 12 miles.
100
Q

Buoys/Beacons:

-What colour are special marks and what do they signify?

A
  • Yellow

- They signify a multitude of things, including a racing zone, skiing areas, shooting range borders, etc.

101
Q

International Port Entry Signals:

What do 3x red lights generally mean?

A

Do not proceed.

  • FLASHING = Serious emergency- All vessels must stop.
  • +1x yellow = Can proceed outside the main channel.
102
Q

International Port Entry Signals:

What do green lights generally mean?

A

Proceed.

  • 3x Green = 1-way.
  • 2x Green +Central white = only when instructed.
  • 2x Green +Central white +Yellow = only when instructed except outside main channel,
  • 2x Green +Lower white = Two-way traffic.
103
Q

Wind:

In the Northern Hemisphere, how does the wind move around zones of high and low pressure?

A
  • High-Pressure: Wind moves clockwise.

- Low-Pressure Wind moves anticlockwise.

104
Q

Wind:

Why can there sometimes be a “sea breeze” and “land breeze”.

A

In the morning, the land heats up faster than the sea, causing a convection current to pull cold air in.

At night, the land loses heat faster than the sea, causing a convection current to push cold air out.
-Can be severe if there is a mountain range.

105
Q

Wind:

Who broadcasts maritime safety information in the UK?

A

HM Coastguard.

106
Q

Wind:

What does an “imminent”, “Soon”, and “later” warning mean when referring to weather?

A
  • Imminent = within 6 hours of warning
  • Soon = within 6-12 hours of warning.
  • Later = more than 12 hours after warning.
107
Q

Wind:

When is a strong wind warning issued?

A

When the wind is expected to reach force 6.

108
Q

What is a “backing” and “veering” wind?

A

Backing: When the wind changes in an anticlockwise direction

Veering: When the wind changes in a clockwise direction.

Yachtmaster / Day Skipper (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions