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1.1.2 Differences Between People > Nature vs Nurture > Flashcards

Nature vs Nurture Flashcards

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People You Should Know flashcards
1
Q

Behavioural Genetics

A

The study of genetic influence on personality and behaviour

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2
Q

Selective breeding studies

A

Desired characteristics are passed on by getting animals carrying the genes to mate
Different strains of genetics are passed on so we can study them
Placed in different environments to study

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3
Q

Family Studies

A

Look at correlation between genetic relatedness and personality similarity
Problem: environment is shared, we can’t be sure the cause is genetic

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4
Q

Twin Studies

A

Monozygotic - 100%
Dizygotic - 50%

Monozygotic should be more similar - genetic argument

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5
Q

Heritability Estimate

A

h2 = 2 (rmz — rdz)

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6
Q

Equal Environment Assumption

A

the idea that both sets of twins experience the same environment

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7
Q

Adoption Studies

A
  • Able to study the effect of genetics and environment separately
    • Biological and adopted parents

Twins - separated monozygotic twins should be more similar than separated dizygotic twins

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8
Q

Limitations of Adoption Studies

A

Selective placement - children may be adopted into families that are similar to their biological ones
Representativeness - differences in socioeconomic status

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9
Q

Heritability

A

Describes what parts of personality can be explained by genes

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10
Q

Phenotypic variance

A

observable individual differences e.g. weight, height etc.

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11
Q

Genotypic variance

A

individual differences in the total collection of genes possessed by the population
Unobservable

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12
Q

How heritable is personality?

A
  • Personality traits are around 40% inheritable
    • Criticism: overestimate, some say it’s 20%
    • Not constant, the estimate changes constantly
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13
Q

Temperaments

A

Personality traits noticeable from infancy, meaning they are likely inherited
- Said to be linked to emotion and arousal

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14
Q

Buss & Plomin’s Temperaments

A
  1. Activity level
    1. Overall level of energy expended
      1. Related to extraversion
    2. Two highly correlated aspects: vigor (intensity) and tempo (speed)
  2. Sociability
    1. How much we want to be with others
      1. Related to extraversion and agreeableness
  3. Emotionality
    1. How easily and to what extent we are emotionally aroused by an upsetting situation
      1. Related to neuroticism
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15
Q

Possible additional temperaments

A
  • Impulsivity
    • Conscientiousness (or lack thereof)
  • Intelligence
    • Openness
  • Disagreement over whether or not they count as temperaments
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16
Q

Temperaments vs Personality

A
  • Temperaments are inherited
  • Personality traits are influenced by genes and environment
17
Q

Interactions & Correlations

A

Genetics and environmental factors do not operate separately but interact to influence behaviour

18
Q

Genotype-Environment Interactions

A

GxE Interactions
The idea that genes cause us to respond differently to the same situation

19
Q

Genotype-Environment Correlations

A

The idea that we are exposed to different environments and situations as a result of our different genotypes

20
Q

Passive genotype-environment correlation

A
  1. Genes and environment combine
  2. Genes and environment are provided to the child by parents, child remains passive e.g. parents have high verbal ability & read a lot to the child
  3. Bidirectional causality - unclear
21
Q

Reactive/evocative genotype-environment correlation

A
  1. Environment changes as a result of genotype
  2. e.g. gifted child is put into advanced classes which further their abilities
22
Q

Active genotype-environment correlation

A
  1. We seek specific environments as a result of our genes which then strengthen those tendencies
  2. Personality example - extraversion (seeking out group activities and becoming more extraverted) and introversion (spending more time alone and enjoying it)
23
Q

Positive correlation

A

environment motivates the expression of a characteristic

24
Q

Negative correlation

A

environment prevents the expression of a characteristic

25
Q

Environmental Factors on Gene Expression

A

The environment affects which genes are expressed

1.1.2 Differences Between People (7 decks)

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