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Eleanor Rowe Geography GCSE > Natural Hazards > Flashcards

Natural Hazards Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a destructive plate boundary?

A

Plated move together, oceanic plate sub ducted by continental plate.
Volcano
Earthquake

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2
Q

Constructive plate boundary:

A

Plates move apart, magma fills gap, oceanic plate
Volcano
Earthquake

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3
Q

Conservative plate boundary

A

Past one another
Friction
Earthquake

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4
Q

Structure of earth

A

Inner core
Outer core
Mantle
Crust

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5
Q

What is convection current?

A

Hot current rises from core towards crust but then cools as it looses heat and sinks back towards core in a circular motion.

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6
Q

Describe the global distribution of earthquakes and volcanos

A

Usually occur on plate boundarys
Mid Atlantic ridge
Pacific ring of fire

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7
Q

What is an earthquake

A

Vibrations of the earths crust that cause shaking at the surface
Friction builds up
Energy is released as shock
Point where it happens is called epicentre

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8
Q

What is a volcano

A

Explosion involving magma coming up through the earths surface

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9
Q

What are the two types of volcanos

A

Shield and composite

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10
Q

What was the magnitude of the Nepal earthquake

A

7.9

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11
Q

Magnitude of l’aquila earthquake

A

6.3

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12
Q

Deaths from Nepal earthquake

A

9000

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13
Q

Deaths from l’aquila earthquake

A

300

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14
Q

Homeless from Nepal earthquake

A

1 million

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15
Q

Homeless from l’aquila earthquake

A

70,000

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16
Q

Primary effects of Nepal earthquakes

A

350 aftershocks
26 hospitals destroyed
50% schools destroyed

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17
Q

Primary effects of l’aquila earthquakes

A

$11,000 worth of damage

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18
Q

Secondary effects of Nepal earthquake

A

Avalanche on Mount Everest

19 died

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19
Q

Secondary effects of l’aquila earthquake

A

Number of students at uni in the area decreased, causing loss in economy

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20
Q

Primary responses to Nepal earthquake

A

Facebook safety feature

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21
Q

L’aquila earthquake primary responses

A

40,000 tents given out and 10,000 hotel rooms provided for free

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22
Q

Secondary responses of Nepal earthquake

A

Government carried out post disaster needs assessment

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23
Q

Secondary responses to l’aquila earthquake

A

Residents didn’t have to pay tax in 2010

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24
Q

Why can earthquakes be different in different places?

A

Magnitude
Time of year
Day and time
Population density

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25
Q

Why would a person continue to live in a tectonically active area?

A

Some settlements have grown into enormous cities so would be difficult to move
Some places are well prepared for hazards so people feel safe
Good job and way of life may keep you in the danger zone

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26
Q

How can we reduce the risks of a tectonic hazard?

A

Monitoring when it will happen
Planning what to do when it happens
Protecting people and buildings against the hazards
Predicting when it will happen

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27
Q

What is the order of the air cells from the equator?

A

Hadley
Ferrel
Polar

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28
Q

Where are the areas of low pressure?

A

Equator and then alternates between cells outwards

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29
Q

Why is heat more concentrated at the equator?

A

There is less surface area for the heat to spread Across

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30
Q

How are clouds formed?

A

When warm moist air cools and condenses

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31
Q

Where do tropical storms happen?

A

5-20 degrees north and south of the equator

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32
Q

What temp does the ocean need to be for a storm to form

A

26.5

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33
Q

What are the six steps of a tropical storm forming

A
  1. Sun warms ocean up to 26.5 degrees and causes evaporation
  2. Moist warm air rises causing low pressure
  3. air cools and condenses and draws in more moisture from the air causing strong winds
  4. Coriolis effect makes air spin upwards and creates eye of storm
  5. Air forms large cumulonimbus clouds which make heavy rainfall
  6. Air rushes from outside of storm to centre creating stronger winds
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34
Q

What are the conditions at the eye wall?

A

Extremely heavy rain

35
Q

Conditions at eye of the storm

A

Very calm

36
Q

Conditions outside eye wall of storm

A

Heavy rain

Thunder

37
Q

How does climate change effect the distribution of tropical storms

A

Patterns of sea surface temperature

Don’t form in south Atlantic

38
Q

How does climate change affect the frequency of tropical storms

A

Frequency may decrease in the futureh

39
Q

How might climate change effect the intensity of tropical storms

A

Sea surface temperature rise so easier for storms to form at higher rates

40
Q

When was typhoon Haiyan

A

November 2013

41
Q

What category storm was typhoon Haiyan

A

5

42
Q

How many people died from Haiyan

A

6,300

43
Q

How many were homeless from Haiyan

A

600,000

44
Q

What were the secondary effects of typhoon Haiyan

A

6million lost main source of income
Power supplies cut off for a month
Looting and violence in tacloban

45
Q

Immediate responses to typhoon Haiyan

A

1200 evacuation shelters set up

Field hospitals

46
Q

Long term responses to typhoon Haiyan

A

Thousands of new homes built away from flood prone areas

Oxfam replaced damaged fishing boats

47
Q

How can a tropical storm be monitored

A

Satellites can be sent to investigate cloud cover and precipitation

48
Q

How can we be protected against tropical storms

A

Furniture can be strapped to the floor
Shutters added to Windows
Flood walls reduce impacts of storm surges

49
Q

How can we plan for a tropical storm

A

Ensure vehicles have fuel for evacuation
Practice evacuation drills with family
Emergency electricity generators

50
Q

What are the main weather hazards for the uk?

A

Extreme cold
Extreme heat and drought
Storms
Flooding

51
Q

Why does the uk get extreme cold

A

Arctic air brings snow and cold conditions

52
Q

What are the effects of extreme cold in the uk

A

Problems for farmers

Schools closed

53
Q

How does the uk manage extreme cold

A

Councils are responsible for clearing roads

Charity’s raise awareness of elderly people needing help

54
Q

Why does the uk get extreme heat and drought

A

Hot and sunny air masses and weather from the south

55
Q

What are the effects of extreme heat and drought in the uk

A

People die and become ill from dehydration

56
Q

How can the uk manage extreme heat and drought

A

Hose pipe ban

57
Q

Example of extreme cold in the uk

A

December 2009 snowstorm

58
Q

Example of extreme heat and drought in uk

A

Heatwave in 2003

59
Q

Why does the uk get storms

A

Atlantic air

Following period of hot weather

60
Q

Effects of storms in uk

A

Flash flooding

Lightning

61
Q

How does the uk manage storms

A

Trains and planes cancelled

Social media alerts

62
Q

Why does the uk get flooding

A

Prolonged rainfall

63
Q

What are the effects of flooding in the uk

A

River floods

Damage to properties

64
Q

How does the uk manage floods

A

Environmental agency measures ground moisture

65
Q

Example of uk storm

A

2014 London electrical storm

66
Q

Example of uk floods

A

Bascastle flash flood 2004

67
Q

WHen were the Somerset floods

A

December 2013

68
Q

How much rainfall occurred during the Somerset floods

A

350mm in two months

69
Q

What were the effects of the Somerset floods

A

600 houses flooded
1000 livestock evacuated
Local roads cut off
Floodwater heaving contaminated with chemicals and sewage

70
Q

Immediate responses of Somerset floods

A

Villagers used boats to go shopping and go to school

71
Q

Long term responses of Somerset floods

A

8km of rivers were finally dredged in 2014

Road levels have been raised

72
Q

What is the recent evidence for climate change

A

Ice cores- rings with co2
Retreating glaciers - change in response to climate change
Tree rings - thickness in rings records climate

73
Q

What are the milankovitch cycles

A

Eccentricity / orbit
Axial tilt
Precession / wobble

74
Q

What solar activity effects climate change

A

Sun spots

75
Q

What volcanic activity effects climate change

A

Volcanic ash forms layer that blocks out sunlight

76
Q

How does the greenhouse effect work

A

Some solar radiation is effected by Earth and atmosphere
Some goes straight to earth
Some bounces off earth and then off atmosphere and then back to earth

77
Q

What are the sources of greenhouse gases

A

Burning fossil fuels for transport heating and manufacturing
Cows produce methane
Population growth
Deforestation gets rid of carbon sinks

78
Q

How can we manage climate change

A 
Use alternate sources of energy 
       - renewable sources 
Planting trees 
       - act as carbon sinks 
Carbon capture 
       Removes carbon from atmosphere and stores underground 
International agreements.  
        Eg Paris agreements
79
Q

How do we adapt to climate change?

A

Agriculture
- educate farmers in water harvesting
Managing water supply

80
Q

Example of a destructive plate margin

A

Pacific plate and Eurasian plate

81
Q

Example of constructive plate margin

A

North American plate and Eurasian plate

82
Q

Example of conservative plate margin

A

Pacific plate and North American plate

83
Q

Example of collision plate margin

A

Indo Australian plate and Eurasian plate

Eleanor Rowe Geography GCSE (7 decks)

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