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natural hazards Flashcards

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1
Q

what are natural hazards?

A

occur when humans interact with natural events

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2
Q

whats examples of natural hazards?

A

the volcanic eruption in pompeii, tsunamis, lightning and floods that al effect people

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3
Q

what is tectonic hazards? what are examples

A

relating to the earths crust and core e.g. volcanic eruptions

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4
Q

what is atmospheric hazards?what are examples

A

weather related hazards e.g. hurricanes

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5
Q

what is geomorphological? what are examples

A

hazards occurring on the earths surface e.g. flooding

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6
Q

what is biological? whats examples?

A

hazards relating to diseases e.g. wildfires

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7
Q

whats the content with the highest risk from hazards?

A

asia

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8
Q

whats the content with the lowest risk from hazards?

A

europe

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9
Q

what are EARTHS 4 AYERS?

A

the crust, the mantle, the outer core and the inner core

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10
Q

whats the lithosphere?

A

the top layer of the mantle and the core

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11
Q

whats continental drift?

A

when land moves due the the convention cells in the mantle. when the core heats the mantle liquid which rises to the top flowing in a certain direction moving the land on top the cools and falls to the bottom

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12
Q

what destructive plate boundary?

A

when 2 plates move into each other and crush and destroy land
the plates are moving and the thick plate is moving towards the thin plate and the thin plate gets pushed underneath the thick plate and melts in the mantle and rises up as magma to form a volcanic eruption

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13
Q

what is constructive plate boundary?

A

when 2 plates move away from each other forming new land as the mantle rises and cools. or new mantle rises up and forms a volcanic eruption

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14
Q

what affects natural hazard risk?

A

whether a country is on a plate boundary so the plates are moving causing for example plate rub causing earthquakes

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15
Q

whats a conservative plate boundary?

A

the plates are moving at opposite directions side by side and create friction and cause earthquakes and the plates are moving past each other. the rough edges cause friction to build up. eventually friction is overcome and the plates move causing the earth to shake.

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16
Q

whats the first step of a constructive plate boundary?

A

plates move away from each other letting magma rise up creating volcanic eruption

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17
Q

whats the 2nd step of a constructive plate boundary?

A

plates moving away from each other and mantle rises and cools to form new plate

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18
Q

whats the 3nd step of a constructive plate boundary?

A

plates move away from each other making magma rises forming an eruption and when the lava cools it starts to form user shell of volcano.

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19
Q

whats the 1st step of a destructive plate boundary?

A

as the plates move towards each other the earths crust crumples and forms a fold mountain. pressure builds as plates converge and rocks fracture and causes earthquakes

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20
Q

whats the 2nd step of a destructive plate boundary?

A

the more dense plate is pulled down into the mantle beneath the thicker and lighter continental plate. this creates a deep ocean trench as the plate is pulled down

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21
Q

whats the 3rd step of a destructive plate boundary?

A

as the subducted plate is pulled down into the mantle and melts into magma and rises up to the surface.

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22
Q

why does Iceland have so many volcanoes?

A

because it is on a constructive plate margin and each year the plates are moving 6cm away causing mantle to rise up

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23
Q

how does a conservative plate margin work?

A

pressure builds up at the margin of tectonic plates as they are pulled along behind a plate being subjected elsewhere. they become stuck as friction builds up from plates moving past each other

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24
Q

what is the richter scale?

A

a logarithmic scale to measure the size of earthquakes. as you go up on the scale the power is increased by 10 so 3 is equal to 100 as 10 squared cause 1=1 2=10 3=100. this is cause the amount of energy used to create an earthquake 2 times as big is not 2 times as much it’s more

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25
Q

whats an example of a constructive plate margin?

A

the san andreas fault

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26
Q

what are primary impacts of an earthquake?

A

buildings collapse
roads and bridges fall and fracture
people get trapped injured and die
water pipes and gas pipes crack

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27
Q

what are secondary impacts of an earthquake?

A

supplies and basics can’t reach people
fires caused by gas explosion from cracked gas pipes
homelessness people are left to extreme temperatures
people become vulnerable to theft and crime
starvation, chaos on roads and congestion impossible to move
can trigger tsunami or avalanche

28
Q

when did l’aquila earthquake take place?

A

2009

29
Q

how many people were killed and injured ?

A

308 were killed and 1,500 were injured

30
Q

what were primary effects of l’aquilla ?

A

67500 were homeless
10000-15000 buildings collapsed
churches, medieval buildings and monuments such as basilica of St. barnardio
san salvatore hospital as severly damaged patients were evacuated
university collapsed $11,434

31
Q

what is Italy and therefore l’aquila?

A

an HIC (high income country)

32
Q

what were the secondary effects of the l’aquila earthquake?

A

aftershocks triggered landslides and rockfalls causing damage to housing and transport
landslide and mudflow caused by water supply pipeline
students at university decreased
house prices and rents increased
cities central business district was cordoned off to collapsed buildings

33
Q

where is l’aquila ?

A

in the northern hemisphere, in south Europe, in the south east of Italy which borders france, switzerland austria and slovenia, next to Abruzzo and chieti

34
Q

whats the management of L’aquila earthquake ?

A 
sending water supplies 
building new homes \
free transport 
free taxes for students 
free calls, post and deliveries at post office
free morages 
36 ambulances and 7 dogs were sent to find help and find lost and injured and tempery hospital was made 
temporary shelters were made
6 geological scientists were arrested
35
Q

when did the earthquake in Nepal barrack in gokha district happen?

A

2015 25th of april

36
Q

whats the location of barpark in Gokha district?

A

in northern hemisphere, in south east Asia, in Nepal which borders India and China in the north east of Nepal lies the Gurkha district and just outside is Barpark

37
Q

what scale was the nepal earthquake?

A

7.8

38
Q

what were the economic impacts of nepal?

A

tourist income fell
income lost from lack of crops being grown
1 million left in poverty
reduced supply of water, food and electricity
1 million homeless

39
Q

what were the environmental impacts of nepal?

A

earthquake triggered avalanche on mt everest

production of crops decreased

40
Q

what were the social impacts of nepal?

A

26 hospitals and 50% of schools were damaged
rice seed in homes destroyed so couldn’t grow
8841 dead
16800 injured
1 milllion in poverty + homeless
reduced supplies

41
Q

what was the cause of the Nepal earthquake?

A

60 million years ago india was separate from the rest of Asia and the lithosphere was pushing the indian plate north towards the erosion plate. As the conservative plate boundary collided with the erosion one and as the indian plate boundary was smaller it got pushed underneath and the erosion was pushed above creating the himalayas. as the plates collides caused friction between the plates and the plates get pushed underneath making the plate melt become less dense and rise above the surface causing regular earthquakes and volcanic eruption.

42
Q

what were the short term management of nepal earthquake?

A

the US sent in a disaster response team costing 1 million dollars. india sent many aircrafts carrying medical supplies such as mobile hostpitas and 40 strong response team with many sniffer dogs, 8000 volunteers went into action and first aid british red cross sent inflatable hospitals and pakistan sent aircraft carrying 30 bed field hospital

43
Q

what were the long term management of nepal earthquake?

A

uk helped with 33 million pounds to rebuild health services, UN agencies help to provide international relief effort, clean water, shelters 2 airbus and 350 helicopters

44
Q

what was the cause of L’aquila earthquake?

A

the erosion plate cracked because of friction was caused as one plate went under causing friction between plates

45
Q

what are factors influenced by wealth ?

A 
building density 
emergency services 
construction standards 
corruption 
construction standars 
monitoring and prediction 
resources and finances 
training 
transport infrastruction 
medical facilities 
population density
46
Q

what are factors not influenced by wealth?

A 
type of event 
magnitude 
distance from epicentre 
time of year
plate margin 
depth of focus 
time and day of week
earthquake prone areas
47
Q

what is Nepal?

A

a LIC a low income country

48
Q

are the effects of earthquakes more devastating in a HIC or a LIC?

A

they are more devastating in a LIC than a HIC

49
Q

why are earthquakes more devastating in a LIC?

A

(PEEL) Point Explanation Evidence Link
P: in LICS there are fewer trained doctors
E: people injured won’t get medical attention needed and therefore stay injured
E: in nepal 8841 people died and in italy 308 died
L: this shows effects are more devastating in LIC than HIC

HICs can afford to give free services to public and don’t need volunteers

50
Q

why do people live near tectonic hazards?

A

economic: resources, minerals(oil, coal, food sulphur)
no option financial problems jobs lack of options,
access to geothermal energy (clean, renewable, cheap) due to seam created by heat by digging into mantle
farming , due to ash released by volcano decays over thousands of years to release minerals into soil making fertile for good crops
sulphur mining, volcanoes produce sulphur which can be mined to make medicines fertiliser
tourism, volcanoes, mountains are popular site to visit= profit
social: to see family, historically lived there
also in denial of risks and also cheaper to live there

51
Q

how do you predict and monitor earthquakes?

A

seismologists - measure radon which escapes from cracks in earths surface
seismometers- measure foreshocks or tremors
earthquake locations and times are mapped to predict
GPS detects moments in ground

52
Q

how do you protect against earthquakes?

A

mitigation prepares buildings, roads and bridges
buildings with brick and no renforcements are strengthened (expensive) birdcage interlocking steel frame, fine resistant materials tolling weights, shutters, safety checks, panels of marble glass

53
Q

how do you plan for earthquakes?

A 
furniture and objects are secured 
turn off main gas, electricity and water
preparing emergency supplies and evacuation 
countries train citizens 
safety check list
54
Q

how do you predict and monitor volcanoes?

A

satellites and tiltmetres monitor ground deformation changes in volcanoes surface
seismometers measure tremors
thermal heat sensors
gas trapping bottles and satilies measure radon gas and sulphur

55
Q

how do you protect volcanoes?

A

buildings can’t withstand volcanoes

people are immediately evacuated

56
Q

how do you plan for a volcano??

A

evacuation plan against eruption
emergency services prepare emergency shelter, food and form evacuation
exclusion zones designed so no one allowed to enter
residents educated on what to do

57
Q

What are 7 different natural hazards ?

A

Earthquakes, tsunami, floods, droughts, volcanic eruptions, hurricanes and lightning

58
Q

what is PDA?

A

PATTERN-what is the overall pattern? which areas have the highest risk? NAME COUNTRIES / CONTINETS
DATA- give an exarple if there are numbers use them and manipulate them
ANOMALIES - is there anything that doesn’t fit the pattern? are there any exceptions?

59
Q

in 2010 how many hazards did europe and asia face?

A

europe-2

asia-11

60
Q

how do people influence earthquakes?

A

global warming is effecting natural hazards as temperatures increasing

61
Q

what are plate bounderies?

A

In Plate Tectonic Theory, the lithosphere is broken into tectonic plates, which undergo some large scale motions. The boundary regions between plates are aptly called plate boundaries. Based upon their motions with respect to one another, these plate boundaries are of three kinds: divergent, convergent, and transform.

62
Q

whats a oceanic plate boundary?

A

Oceanic crust tends to be denser and thinner than continental crust, so the denser oceanic crust gets bent and pulled under, or subducted

63
Q

whats a continental boundary?

A

the lighter and thicker continental crust.

64
Q

what happens at convergent boundaries?

A

At some convergent boundaries, an oceanic plate collides with a continental plate

65
Q

what was the magnitude of the l’aquila earthquake?

A

6.3

geography (7 decks)

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