natural hazards Flashcards
what are natural hazards?
occur when humans interact with natural events
whats examples of natural hazards?
the volcanic eruption in pompeii, tsunamis, lightning and floods that al effect people
what is tectonic hazards? what are examples
relating to the earths crust and core e.g. volcanic eruptions
what is atmospheric hazards?what are examples
weather related hazards e.g. hurricanes
what is geomorphological? what are examples
hazards occurring on the earths surface e.g. flooding
what is biological? whats examples?
hazards relating to diseases e.g. wildfires
whats the content with the highest risk from hazards?
asia
whats the content with the lowest risk from hazards?
europe
what are EARTHS 4 AYERS?
the crust, the mantle, the outer core and the inner core
whats the lithosphere?
the top layer of the mantle and the core
whats continental drift?
when land moves due the the convention cells in the mantle. when the core heats the mantle liquid which rises to the top flowing in a certain direction moving the land on top the cools and falls to the bottom
what destructive plate boundary?
when 2 plates move into each other and crush and destroy land
the plates are moving and the thick plate is moving towards the thin plate and the thin plate gets pushed underneath the thick plate and melts in the mantle and rises up as magma to form a volcanic eruption
what is constructive plate boundary?
when 2 plates move away from each other forming new land as the mantle rises and cools. or new mantle rises up and forms a volcanic eruption
what affects natural hazard risk?
whether a country is on a plate boundary so the plates are moving causing for example plate rub causing earthquakes
whats a conservative plate boundary?
the plates are moving at opposite directions side by side and create friction and cause earthquakes and the plates are moving past each other. the rough edges cause friction to build up. eventually friction is overcome and the plates move causing the earth to shake.
whats the first step of a constructive plate boundary?
plates move away from each other letting magma rise up creating volcanic eruption
whats the 2nd step of a constructive plate boundary?
plates moving away from each other and mantle rises and cools to form new plate
whats the 3nd step of a constructive plate boundary?
plates move away from each other making magma rises forming an eruption and when the lava cools it starts to form user shell of volcano.
whats the 1st step of a destructive plate boundary?
as the plates move towards each other the earths crust crumples and forms a fold mountain. pressure builds as plates converge and rocks fracture and causes earthquakes
whats the 2nd step of a destructive plate boundary?
the more dense plate is pulled down into the mantle beneath the thicker and lighter continental plate. this creates a deep ocean trench as the plate is pulled down
whats the 3rd step of a destructive plate boundary?
as the subducted plate is pulled down into the mantle and melts into magma and rises up to the surface.
why does Iceland have so many volcanoes?
because it is on a constructive plate margin and each year the plates are moving 6cm away causing mantle to rise up
how does a conservative plate margin work?
pressure builds up at the margin of tectonic plates as they are pulled along behind a plate being subjected elsewhere. they become stuck as friction builds up from plates moving past each other
what is the richter scale?
a logarithmic scale to measure the size of earthquakes. as you go up on the scale the power is increased by 10 so 3 is equal to 100 as 10 squared cause 1=1 2=10 3=100. this is cause the amount of energy used to create an earthquake 2 times as big is not 2 times as much it’s more
whats an example of a constructive plate margin?
the san andreas fault
what are primary impacts of an earthquake?
buildings collapse
roads and bridges fall and fracture
people get trapped injured and die
water pipes and gas pipes crack
what are secondary impacts of an earthquake?
supplies and basics can’t reach people
fires caused by gas explosion from cracked gas pipes
homelessness people are left to extreme temperatures
people become vulnerable to theft and crime
starvation, chaos on roads and congestion impossible to move
can trigger tsunami or avalanche
when did l’aquila earthquake take place?
2009
how many people were killed and injured ?
308 were killed and 1,500 were injured
what were primary effects of l’aquilla ?
67500 were homeless
10000-15000 buildings collapsed
churches, medieval buildings and monuments such as basilica of St. barnardio
san salvatore hospital as severly damaged patients were evacuated
university collapsed $11,434
what is Italy and therefore l’aquila?
an HIC (high income country)
what were the secondary effects of the l’aquila earthquake?
aftershocks triggered landslides and rockfalls causing damage to housing and transport
landslide and mudflow caused by water supply pipeline
students at university decreased
house prices and rents increased
cities central business district was cordoned off to collapsed buildings
where is l’aquila ?
in the northern hemisphere, in south Europe, in the south east of Italy which borders france, switzerland austria and slovenia, next to Abruzzo and chieti
whats the management of L’aquila earthquake ?
sending water supplies building new homes \ free transport free taxes for students free calls, post and deliveries at post office free morages 36 ambulances and 7 dogs were sent to find help and find lost and injured and tempery hospital was made temporary shelters were made 6 geological scientists were arrested
when did the earthquake in Nepal barrack in gokha district happen?
2015 25th of april
whats the location of barpark in Gokha district?
in northern hemisphere, in south east Asia, in Nepal which borders India and China in the north east of Nepal lies the Gurkha district and just outside is Barpark
what scale was the nepal earthquake?
7.8
what were the economic impacts of nepal?
tourist income fell
income lost from lack of crops being grown
1 million left in poverty
reduced supply of water, food and electricity
1 million homeless
what were the environmental impacts of nepal?
earthquake triggered avalanche on mt everest
production of crops decreased
what were the social impacts of nepal?
26 hospitals and 50% of schools were damaged
rice seed in homes destroyed so couldn’t grow
8841 dead
16800 injured
1 milllion in poverty + homeless
reduced supplies
what was the cause of the Nepal earthquake?
60 million years ago india was separate from the rest of Asia and the lithosphere was pushing the indian plate north towards the erosion plate. As the conservative plate boundary collided with the erosion one and as the indian plate boundary was smaller it got pushed underneath and the erosion was pushed above creating the himalayas. as the plates collides caused friction between the plates and the plates get pushed underneath making the plate melt become less dense and rise above the surface causing regular earthquakes and volcanic eruption.
what were the short term management of nepal earthquake?
the US sent in a disaster response team costing 1 million dollars. india sent many aircrafts carrying medical supplies such as mobile hostpitas and 40 strong response team with many sniffer dogs, 8000 volunteers went into action and first aid british red cross sent inflatable hospitals and pakistan sent aircraft carrying 30 bed field hospital
what were the long term management of nepal earthquake?
uk helped with 33 million pounds to rebuild health services, UN agencies help to provide international relief effort, clean water, shelters 2 airbus and 350 helicopters
what was the cause of L’aquila earthquake?
the erosion plate cracked because of friction was caused as one plate went under causing friction between plates
what are factors influenced by wealth ?
building density emergency services construction standards corruption construction standars monitoring and prediction resources and finances training transport infrastruction medical facilities population density
what are factors not influenced by wealth?
type of event magnitude distance from epicentre time of year plate margin depth of focus time and day of week earthquake prone areas
what is Nepal?
a LIC a low income country
are the effects of earthquakes more devastating in a HIC or a LIC?
they are more devastating in a LIC than a HIC
why are earthquakes more devastating in a LIC?
(PEEL) Point Explanation Evidence Link
P: in LICS there are fewer trained doctors
E: people injured won’t get medical attention needed and therefore stay injured
E: in nepal 8841 people died and in italy 308 died
L: this shows effects are more devastating in LIC than HIC
HICs can afford to give free services to public and don’t need volunteers
why do people live near tectonic hazards?
economic: resources, minerals(oil, coal, food sulphur)
no option financial problems jobs lack of options,
access to geothermal energy (clean, renewable, cheap) due to seam created by heat by digging into mantle
farming , due to ash released by volcano decays over thousands of years to release minerals into soil making fertile for good crops
sulphur mining, volcanoes produce sulphur which can be mined to make medicines fertiliser
tourism, volcanoes, mountains are popular site to visit= profit
social: to see family, historically lived there
also in denial of risks and also cheaper to live there
how do you predict and monitor earthquakes?
seismologists - measure radon which escapes from cracks in earths surface
seismometers- measure foreshocks or tremors
earthquake locations and times are mapped to predict
GPS detects moments in ground
how do you protect against earthquakes?
mitigation prepares buildings, roads and bridges
buildings with brick and no renforcements are strengthened (expensive) birdcage interlocking steel frame, fine resistant materials tolling weights, shutters, safety checks, panels of marble glass
how do you plan for earthquakes?
furniture and objects are secured turn off main gas, electricity and water preparing emergency supplies and evacuation countries train citizens safety check list
how do you predict and monitor volcanoes?
satellites and tiltmetres monitor ground deformation changes in volcanoes surface
seismometers measure tremors
thermal heat sensors
gas trapping bottles and satilies measure radon gas and sulphur
how do you protect volcanoes?
buildings can’t withstand volcanoes
people are immediately evacuated
how do you plan for a volcano??
evacuation plan against eruption
emergency services prepare emergency shelter, food and form evacuation
exclusion zones designed so no one allowed to enter
residents educated on what to do
What are 7 different natural hazards ?
Earthquakes, tsunami, floods, droughts, volcanic eruptions, hurricanes and lightning
what is PDA?
PATTERN-what is the overall pattern? which areas have the highest risk? NAME COUNTRIES / CONTINETS
DATA- give an exarple if there are numbers use them and manipulate them
ANOMALIES - is there anything that doesn’t fit the pattern? are there any exceptions?
in 2010 how many hazards did europe and asia face?
europe-2
asia-11
how do people influence earthquakes?
global warming is effecting natural hazards as temperatures increasing
what are plate bounderies?
In Plate Tectonic Theory, the lithosphere is broken into tectonic plates, which undergo some large scale motions. The boundary regions between plates are aptly called plate boundaries. Based upon their motions with respect to one another, these plate boundaries are of three kinds: divergent, convergent, and transform.
whats a oceanic plate boundary?
Oceanic crust tends to be denser and thinner than continental crust, so the denser oceanic crust gets bent and pulled under, or subducted
whats a continental boundary?
the lighter and thicker continental crust.
what happens at convergent boundaries?
At some convergent boundaries, an oceanic plate collides with a continental plate
what was the magnitude of the l’aquila earthquake?
6.3
