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Lagos Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a megacity ?

A

a city with a population of over 10 million

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2
Q

what are some examples of megacities?

A

paris, lagos, delhi

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3
Q

whats urbanisation?

A

the increase in percentage or proportion of people living in cities

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4
Q

whats the birth rate?

A

number of births per thousand people per year

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5
Q

what is death rate?

A

number of deaths per thousand people per year

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6
Q

what is the natural change?

A

the difference between birth rate and death rate , tells you by how many the population will be growing per thousand of population per year.

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7
Q

how does the natural increase effect the rate of urbanisation?

A

due to the natural increase as the birth rate is higher than the death rate a country the will be more populated. in a country the population will more likely populate the cities than the countryside as there are more opportunities. so the natural increase results in urbanisation

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8
Q

in 2014 where did the population live?

A

54% of the population lived in cities

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9
Q

what are the push factors of urbanisation (making people leave the countryside?

A

unemployment, poverty, natural disasters , hazards, volcano, crop failure, economic distress, debts, traditional way of life limiting facilities, shortage of land, poor medical facilities , lack of education, poor transport , housing, water, electricity , and sewage

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10
Q

what types of push factors are there making people leave the countryside?

A

land, agriculture, nature, economic and social , services

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11
Q

what barriers are there for rural to urban migration?

A

family ties, lack of transport, cost and political boundaries

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12
Q

what types of pull factors are there for rural to urban migration?

A

employment, economic, nature, social, services

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13
Q

what pull factors are there for rural to urban migration?

A

more jobs, industry, higher wages , less interest on loans , fewer natural disasters , attractions , entertainment , better schools, medical facilities

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14
Q

how does location effect urbanisation?

A

if you have better resources or natural features such as if you live near a river you have sanitation, crops, drinking and fishing so therefore more people will move there

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15
Q

how does economic development effect urbanisation?

A

businesses , jobs attracts different people to opportunities , more money to pay for facilities and transport for people to migrate

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16
Q

where is lagos?

A

in the northern hemisphere in the north west of the continent Africa bordering Benin to the south west, Cameroon to the east , Niger to the north and chad to the north east. lagos borders the gulf of guinea and is in the country Nigeria. lagos is in the south west of Nigeria at the bottom at the coast of Nigeria

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17
Q

why is lagos a good location for industry?

A

good sheltered natural harbour allowing boats to come in and import goods to trade and make profit also boats can go out and export goods and sell them to other countries , also good fishing industry
expressway allows access through lagos
urban area including large markets for selling good and profit
schools and universities for education
airport arrival for 80% of flights to west africa creating tourism

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18
Q

what is the formal economy?

A

part of the economy that is taxed and monitored by the government unlike the informal economy and formal economy is part of the GDP

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19
Q

what is GPD?

A

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures the wealth or income of a country. GDP is the total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year. Gross National Product (GNP) is another measure of a country’s wealth or income.

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20
Q

What percentage of Nigeria’s GDP does Lagos contribute?

A

lagos contributes to 30%of Nigerian GDP gained through manufacturing and central business district (CBD)

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21
Q

what is the primary sector?

A

primary industry is collecting raw materials, things from environment and which can be sold for income or used in secondary sector

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22
Q

what are examples of primary sector jobs?

A

farmer, fisherman, minner

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23
Q

what is the secondary sector?

A

making goods/things which can be obtained from the primary sector

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24
Q

what are examples of the secondary sector?

A

factory, seamstress, chief, builder

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25
Q

what is the tertiary sector?

A

providing services for people to improve their living or selling products made by secondary

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26
Q

what are examples of the tertiary jobs?

A

doctors, teacher, car salesman

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27
Q

what percentage of employees contribute to lagos industry in different sectors?

A

78%employees in tertiary
19% employees in secondary
3% employees in primary

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28
Q

what is eko atlantic?

A

a new city going to be built on coast of lagos inspired by hong kong and funded by government and international private investors home to 1/4 go million, employing 150,000 creating income for lagos and nigeria

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29
Q

what are future projections for eko atlantic?

A

creating income and GDP for nigeria contributing to primary and tertiary sector. as people will fish on coast and tertiary people will import and export goods

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30
Q

what is the informal economy?

A

informal jobs are jobs that aren’t taxed, monitored by any form of government or contribute to GDP
The informal economy is the diversified set of economic activities, enterprises, jobs, informal jobs and workers that are not regulated or protected by the state

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31
Q

what type of new jobs are there in lagos?what percentage of these type of new jobs are there?

A

90 % of new jobs are informal

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32
Q

what are examples of informal jobs ?

A

fishing at makoko, recycling at olusasun

33
Q

how has wealth improved from 1990?

A

from 1990-1995 the wealth dips down a fraction but then increase a fraction to 2000. then from 2000 to 2005 it really starts to increase more from 3 to 4 then 4-5 from 2005-2010 and more slowly to 2015
the wealth roughly doubles from 1990-2015

34
Q

what has improved since 1990?

A

life expectancy has increased 8 years and education years of schooling has gone up

35
Q

how has education improved ?

A

improved from 1990-1995 about 1/2 year on expected years of schooling steadily increasing then speeds up 3/4 of year in 2000 then 2000-2005 increases a year then doesn’t increase till 2015
literacy rates are 56.9% (UK 99%)
approximately 15 polytechniques centres (higher education centres and universities in lagos

36
Q

how has life expectancy improved/?

A

dipped a fraction from 1990-1995 but then rapidly increased, 1995-2000 steadily increased roughly a 1 year 2000-2005 increased 2 years 2005-2015 steadily increased 4 years life expectancy increased from 45 to 53

37
Q

what is healthcare like in lagos?

A

26 general hospitals and 256 public healthcare centres

38
Q

what is the lagos population?

A

21 million

39
Q

what inequalities are there in lagos?

A

in victoria island there is high wealth of even billionaires and makoko is a squatter settlement in poverty

40
Q

who lives on Victoria island?

A

bankers, investors live a wealthy life, 15,700 millionares and some billionaires more than 60% live in lagos

41
Q

what are conditions like on Victoria island?

A

wealthy households rely on generators for power
piped water supply
air conditioned
brick

42
Q

what are conditions like in makoko?

A

60% of lagos live in slums and squatter settlements
most work in informal economy living on $1 a day
electric shortages to lights on streets at night
public boreholes and taps or buy water from street vendor
houses made from poor quality materials , rubbish (flammable)
high levels of crime muggings, bulgeries and carjacking

43
Q

what is being done to improve economically poor ?

A

build new power stations

tackle crime by buying 3 helicopters

44
Q

what is the problem with water and sanitation?

A 
52% lack a toilet or bathroom
38%don't have one 
14%get water from a public well which will be contaminated and dirty 
55%borehole 
4%river 
11%pipped water 
water vendor 16%
many have alternate 
Only 10% of Lagos’ population have a piped water supply that has been treated and purified.
45
Q

how has the population of lagos increased?

A 
1960-0.6 million 
1970-1.2
1980-2.8
1990-5.3
2000-8
2010-11
2015-14.4
46
Q

what variables would you put on each axis if lagos’s population growth was on a graph?

A

years would go on the x axis as it’s the independent variable and population size would go on the y axis as its the dependent variable

47
Q

what is the problem with sewage in lagos?

A

Lack of a proper sewage system has polluted the water supply:Sewage is carried via rainwater and open drains into river systems (& the lagoon)
Sewage sinks into the groundwater from leaking pit latrines or septic tanks
This has resulted in increased diarrhoea, cholera and dysentery amongst Lagos’ inhabitants.
This contaminates wells and boreholes, as well as water sold by vendors.

48
Q

what are further threats to water supply?

A

predicted 1 metre sea level rise and flooding.

Will contaminate groundwater with salt as well as bacterial and chemical pollutants.

49
Q

how are they currently managing the water supply?

A

In 2012 – Lagos State Water Regulatory Commission began regulating the water supply and vendors as well as issuing licenses for boreholes.
In 2016, they said they would sanction people operating boreholes without permits.

50
Q

how can the water problem be solved?

A

use buckets and purifiers to purify sea water
government give more money towards a more sophisticated sewage and piped water system to houses
exports goods in return for water
donate money to charities to solve water problem

51
Q

what is the problem with traffic congestion?

A

Average Lagosian commuter spends 3 hours in traffic everyday.
40% new cars are registered in Lagos – 1% land area.
Fatal accident rate is 28 per 100,000 people.
Pollution is 5x internationally recommended limit.
Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) System
From suburbs to CBD on Lagos Island
Separate bus lane to reduce travel times
200,000 use every day (25% commuters)

52
Q

what is lagos doing now to improve traffic congestion?

A 
Integrated transport system
Ferries network
Separate bus lanes
Mixed-use urban developments
New airport
Better walking and cycling facilities
53
Q

how is lagos helping reduce the congestion?

A 
Integrated transport system
Ferries network
Separate bus lanes
Mixed-use urban developments
New airport
Better walking and cycling facilities
54
Q

how could traffic congestion help be reduced?

A

create more road barriers with charge and use money to make more roads
make more bridges
New Light Railway (due to open 2016)
West – east route
To carry x7 passengers compared to BRT
Eventually – Lagos Rail Mass transit (LRMT)

55
Q

what is the problem with providing electricity in lagos?

A

Electricity generation is insufficient across Nigeria, population growth poses a huge challenge.
Two new power stations are planned for Lagos – to cover electricity shortage and light streets.
Most wealthy households and businesses use generators.
For Lagosians, electricity shortages can mean cooking by torchlight, or companies spending a shocking 70% of the budget on diesel … and some neighbourhoods have spent half a decade with no power at all

56
Q

what is the problem with waste disposal?

A

Lagos creates 10,000 metric tonnes of waste a day.
Local (municipal) governments collect barely 40% of this rubbish.
theres no proper waste collection and disposal system

57
Q

whats the solution for waste disposal?

A

compacting waste into blocks and using it as building material

58
Q

what is being done about waste disposal?

A

Created an employment opportunity in resource recovery through the Waste to Wealth programme such as; ‘Nylon Plastic Recycling’, ‘Kraft paper collection’ and ‘Buy back’ programme from scavengers
Today, some of the qualified scavengers are manning recycling banks being sited at various parts of the state as resourced persons - the state government has adopted the 3 Rs ‘Reuse Recycle & Reduce’ strategy in waste management

59
Q

what is the problem with crime?

A

Unemployment = 9.9% in 2015
armed muggings, carjacking, drugs, gangs burglaries, Three helicopters for police to spot crime…
Police can’t cope with increased levels of crime…
Robbers have nothing to lose…
People take justice into their own hands…

60
Q

whats the problem with unemployment?

A

The unemployment rate increased from 23.9% in 2011 to 25.1%in 2014.
Jobs aren’t moving towards manufacturing and aren’t being created fast enough
The youth population is rapidly increasing causing a youth bulge so more youth are being employed and not going to school so they can give more financial support to their family

61
Q

what s the solution for unemployment?

A

Development of the entrepreneurial potential of its youth population, Commitment to increasing productivity in the agricultural sector

62
Q

whats the solution for crime?

A

Education is the solution to crime. This is because is students have a target to achieve in life, as well as good, role-model teachers, they will not resort to crime.

63
Q

whats the problem with healthcare?

A

Sanitation is also very poor, Toilets are also extremely unsanitary, as they are pit latrines. This is where the sewage soaks straight into the ground. About 80,000 Nigerians die of cancer annually and over 100,000 are diagnosed with cancer annually. There are only 7 cancer radiotherapy centres in the whole of Nigeria.
the water supply is from the source of a well or borehole, which can easily and quickly be polluted

64
Q

whats the solution to healthcare?

A

Additionally, education is the resolution to healthcare because if more children grow up with the right education, they will aspire to become something that their country is in need of, like doctors.

65
Q

whats the problem with education?

A

Most children don’t attend school however. 13 year old girls are dropping school due to pregnancies. many need to do jobs instead of go to school to make money and admissions to these schools can be very competitive and, in some cases, preference is given to students of certain nationality or those who have parents employed by a certain company

66
Q

how can education be solved?

A

investing more money into schools from the government and communities donating small amounts for school and addressing the issue

67
Q

how will the Makoko floating school help the makoko?

A

it will improve education for the poor so they can have a better job, support their families, help poverty and contribute towards economical growth and afford more basics like better housing, school healthcare and water. it was also ecofriendly not contributing towards global warming

68
Q

should makoko be improved or demolished?

A

improved as makoko is a good area for trade and fishing and if invested in more can make profit although is very poor as houses are on illegal land so have to be moved and things such education and healthcare are low but makoko is very resourceful and if given a small amount can make economic rise

69
Q

When has Lagos’s population increased from?

A

Since the 1970s

70
Q

Why did Lagos’s population start to increase?

A

During the oil boom in Nigeria which gave lots of job opportunities

71
Q

Has the population continued to grow since 1970?

A

It has continued to grow despite fall in living standards during the 1980s-1990s despite living standards and has expanded over the past 50 years rural to urban migration has increased

72
Q

Why are people leaving the countryside ?

A

Push factors such as the lack of jobs and low wages, lack of education and health services and global warming causes draughts and floods, boke haram are active in north of Nigeria

73
Q

What are pull factors towards Lagos?

A

Well-paid work and urban lifestyle

74
Q

What has also increased in Nigeria?

A

A natural increase in the city population due to the city’s young population as migrants to the city are young

75
Q

What happened by 2015?

A

Over half of the population was still living in rural areas but as rural to urban migration continues the majority will be urban within the next few years

76
Q

Where was the original state of Lagos?

A

Was Lagos island surrounded by Lagos lagoon in 1960

77
Q

When did the city start expanding?

A

In 1960 it expanded northwards onto mainland following the line of the main railway

78
Q

What has happened to Lagos by 2012?

A

It had spread West and north cluttered in the north west. It spread of the north east of the Lagos lagoon and to the south in the lekki peninsula

79
Q

How can the electicity problem be solved?

A

Power plants built to cope with growing population, switch to renewable such as solar and wave as Nigeria had a lot of sun and wave , began to privatise it

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