Natural Hazards

Question 1

• describe living on a plate margin: iceland
• ridge
• reducing risk
• tectonic activity

Answer 1

• straddles the Mid-atlantic ridge with volcanic erruptions on average every five years.
• awareness and monitoring reduces the threat to low risk.
• the tectonic activity brings hiuge benefits such as hellisheidi combined heat and power plant which serves Reykjavik

Question 2

• describe planning in volcanoes and earthquakes

Answer 2

risk assesments and hazard mapping to identify areas to practice evacuation or restrict building

risk assesment and hazard mapping to identify areas to protect buildings and infrastructure

Question 3

• describe protection in volcanoes and earthquakes

Answer 3

little can be done to protect property , but earth embankments and explosives have been used to successfully divert lava lflows

eathquake drills help keep people alert and prepared. but earthquake resistant construction is the best way to reduce risk

Question 4

• describe monitoring in volcanoes and earthquakes

Answer 4

all volcanoes are now monitoring using hi tech scientific equipment

remote sensing- satelites detect heat increases 

siesmicity- siesmographs recrod microearthquakes 

ground deformatio- laser beams measure changes in the shape of the ground 

earthquakes generally occur without warning. a number of events can occur before an earthquake strikes, but these are never sertain enough to issue warnings

microearthquakes before the main terror 

bulging of the ground 

raised groundwater levels

Question 5

Monitoring

Answer 5

Recording physical changes, such as earthquake tremors around a volcano, helps forecast when and where a natural hazard might strike.

Question 6

• describe the Hellishieldi plant

Answer 6

naturally occuring hot water and superheated steam provides hot water and central heating for 90% of buildings. including greenhouses and swimming pools

volcanic rocks are used in road and building construction 

icelands dramatic landscapes with water falls, hot springs, greysers, lava fields, volcanoes and glaciers support hige tourism industry 

geothermal energy- generates 25% og icelands electricity

Question 7

• how can risks from tectonic hazards be reduced

Answer 7

monitoring

prediction

protection 

planning

Question 8

• describe prediction in volcanoes and earth quakes

Answer 8

monitoring is now allowing accurate prediction oand effective evacuatio

accurate predictions are impossible with earthquakes due to a lack of clear warning signs. But historical records can help determine probablity and so help in planning for them

Question 9

• why people live at risk from tectionic hazards

Answer 9

poor people have no choice- money, food and family are seen as more important

plate margins often coincide with favourable areas for setllement and trade

some people have no experience or knowledge of the risks 7

earthwuake fault lines can allow water to reach the surface- important in arid regions 

effective monitoring of volcanoes and tsunami waves allow evacuation warnings to be given 

earthquake resistant building designs reduce risk 

earthquakes and volcanic erruptions are rare, so not seen as a great threat

Question 10

Management strategies

Answer 10

Gritters on roads to reduce accidents but supplies were limited​
Warning to restrict travel to only essential journeys​
Closing schools​
Getting individuals to stock up on essential supplies