Native Americans Flashcards
When was, and what was the effect, of the battle of little big horn?
1876
Used as anti native American propaganda. Custer was idolised and Sioux are forced back onto reservations.
When was the Dawes Act?
1887
Allotment process begins assimilation however Native Americans have little skills in farming and are often exploited by white settlers
1890 reservation statistics
135,000 on reservations
35,000 entirely dependent on government handouts
Effect of boarding schools
Lots of culture
Trapped between two cultures
When was and what did the Indian rights Association do?
Late 19th-century
Believe Native Americans at an earlier stage of civilisation and wanted to help all Americans become equal
Still wanted assimilation however sympathetic
SAI
Society of American Indians established 1911
Inter tribal pressure group campaigning for better health care and education
Limited impact due to shortage in funds, lack of mass support, and no clear ideology
Impact of World War I
10,000 Native American men fought along with many men and women working in the factories
Seem to have a civilising effect by whites prompting the Indian Citizenship Act in 1924
AIDA?
American Indian defence Association 1923
Set up by a group of white philanthropists headed by John collier to preserve Indian lands, beliefs, cultures, and traditions
The Meriam report
1928
Highlighted health problems economic problems and recommendations to deal with the problems on the reservations
Education key to integration - focus still on assimilation
Indian Reorganisation Act
1934
Introduced to preserve traditional culture giving Native Americans more influence and involvement regarding the administration of the reservations and protected the right to practice their religion
New deal statistics and impacts
Social
4,000,000 acres bought back by the Indian bureau
Help to stimulate political activity 95 constitutions quickly set up as a result of political structure of the tribes revived
New deal funds used to build hospitals, schools and irrigation systems
Political
Allowed internal governance but ultimately still controlled
Economic
Able to establish businesses and cooperatives with government funding - Cherokee market gardening
Less reliant on the handouts and gives them economic independence
World War II impact
100,000 left the reservations with 25,000 serving in the armed forces and 75,000 manning the defence strategies in urban areas
Reduced funding meaning hardship on reservations
NCAI
National Congress of American Indians
Founded in 1944 and represented a realisation that to bring about change Native Americans had to unite and protest
Between 1930 and 1960 the number of Native Americans in cities…
Quadrupled
What did the Bureau of Indian Affairs set up in 1948?
Placement opportunities in cities the Native Americans to help assimilation and to economically sustain living
Post war unemployment and life expectancy
18% Native American unemployment and a life expectancy of 44
What organisation was set up in 1946?
The Indian Claims Commission
Set up by lawyers to give them a means of regain land lost in the treaties of the 19th century
Limited impact as most of the time just provided financial compensation
Ended in 1978
When did termination begin and end?
1953 to 1964
What did termination do?
Tribes lost the tribal status removing them from the government’s responsibility as they were acting as an economic drain
What was set up in 1956 to aid the termination policy?
Indian vocational training act
Intended to improve employment prospects of Native Americans by giving them training
AIM?
Founded in 1968 and monitor police activities as well as organised demonstrations
The period of protest?
1969 to 1973
The siege of Alcatraz 1969 Native Americans forcibly removed from the island demonstrating that plight for self-determination
Occupation of Mount Rushmore 1971 ended with the Supreme Court judge in the black hills of been taken to legally offering compensation which they did not take
The occupation of wounded knee 1973 federal government asserted themselves ending in the disintegration of AIM
1972
Native Americans given preference in BIA appointment
Indian education act increase in federal funding for Indian schools
The Indian self determination act
Allowed tried to take responsibility for education health and social service provision as well as being backed by federal funding
Allowed them to legally present cases to the Supreme Court with regard to land reclamation
Native American legislative protest group in 70s?
NARF set up in 1970 and pushed cases to court
1980 US versus the Sioux Nation ending in the Soo being entitled to compensation of $17.5 million +5% interest since the loss of the Black Hills
1990 Made 30 state pass laws protecting Indian remains and burial grounds
Religious freedom act
1978 allowed Indians to use the feathers of endangered animals
Indian child welfare act
1978 stopped Native American children being taken by social workers due to supposed neglect
Seminole tribe versus Butterworth
1982 Supreme Court ruled that the tribe had the right to establish gambling enterprises on their reservation lands even if gambling enterprises were banned by state laws
When was red clouds war and what happened?
1865 to 1868 resulted in the creation of the second Fort Laramie Treaty creating the great Sioux reservation
Gold found, Trail created, breach of treaty, attacks on travellers
