Native Americans

Question 1

When was, and what was the effect, of the battle of little big horn?

Answer 1

1876

Used as anti native American propaganda. Custer was idolised and Sioux are forced back onto reservations.

Question 2

When was the Dawes Act?

Answer 2

1887
Allotment process begins assimilation however Native Americans have little skills in farming and are often exploited by white settlers

Question 3

1890 reservation statistics

Answer 3

135,000 on reservations

35,000 entirely dependent on government handouts

Question 4

Effect of boarding schools

Answer 4

Lots of culture

Trapped between two cultures

Question 5

When was and what did the Indian rights Association do?

Answer 5

Late 19th-century
Believe Native Americans at an earlier stage of civilisation and wanted to help all Americans become equal
Still wanted assimilation however sympathetic

Question 6

SAI

Answer 6

Society of American Indians established 1911
Inter tribal pressure group campaigning for better health care and education
Limited impact due to shortage in funds, lack of mass support, and no clear ideology

Question 7

Impact of World War I

Answer 7

10,000 Native American men fought along with many men and women working in the factories
Seem to have a civilising effect by whites prompting the Indian Citizenship Act in 1924

Question 8

AIDA?

Answer 8

American Indian defence Association 1923
Set up by a group of white philanthropists headed by John collier to preserve Indian lands, beliefs, cultures, and traditions

Question 9

The Meriam report

Answer 9

1928
Highlighted health problems economic problems and recommendations to deal with the problems on the reservations
Education key to integration - focus still on assimilation

Question 10

Indian Reorganisation Act

Answer 10

1934
Introduced to preserve traditional culture giving Native Americans more influence and involvement regarding the administration of the reservations and protected the right to practice their religion

Question 11

New deal statistics and impacts

Answer 11

Social
4,000,000 acres bought back by the Indian bureau
Help to stimulate political activity 95 constitutions quickly set up as a result of political structure of the tribes revived
New deal funds used to build hospitals, schools and irrigation systems
Political
Allowed internal governance but ultimately still controlled
Economic
Able to establish businesses and cooperatives with government funding - Cherokee market gardening
Less reliant on the handouts and gives them economic independence

Question 12

World War II impact

Answer 12

100,000 left the reservations with 25,000 serving in the armed forces and 75,000 manning the defence strategies in urban areas
Reduced funding meaning hardship on reservations

Question 13

NCAI

Answer 13

National Congress of American Indians

Founded in 1944 and represented a realisation that to bring about change Native Americans had to unite and protest

Question 14

Between 1930 and 1960 the number of Native Americans in cities…

Answer 14

Quadrupled

Question 15

What did the Bureau of Indian Affairs set up in 1948?

Answer 15

Placement opportunities in cities the Native Americans to help assimilation and to economically sustain living

Question 16

Post war unemployment and life expectancy

Answer 16

18% Native American unemployment and a life expectancy of 44

Question 17

What organisation was set up in 1946?

Answer 17

The Indian Claims Commission
Set up by lawyers to give them a means of regain land lost in the treaties of the 19th century
Limited impact as most of the time just provided financial compensation
Ended in 1978

Question 18

When did termination begin and end?

Answer 18

1953 to 1964

Question 19

What did termination do?

Answer 19

Tribes lost the tribal status removing them from the government’s responsibility as they were acting as an economic drain

Question 20

What was set up in 1956 to aid the termination policy?

Answer 20

Indian vocational training act

Intended to improve employment prospects of Native Americans by giving them training

Question 21

AIM?

Answer 21

Founded in 1968 and monitor police activities as well as organised demonstrations

Question 22

The period of protest?

Answer 22

1969 to 1973
The siege of Alcatraz 1969 Native Americans forcibly removed from the island demonstrating that plight for self-determination
Occupation of Mount Rushmore 1971 ended with the Supreme Court judge in the black hills of been taken to legally offering compensation which they did not take
The occupation of wounded knee 1973 federal government asserted themselves ending in the disintegration of AIM

Question 23

1972

Answer 23

Native Americans given preference in BIA appointment

Indian education act increase in federal funding for Indian schools

Question 24

The Indian self determination act

Answer 24

Allowed tried to take responsibility for education health and social service provision as well as being backed by federal funding
Allowed them to legally present cases to the Supreme Court with regard to land reclamation

Question 25

Native American legislative protest group in 70s?

Answer 25

NARF set up in 1970 and pushed cases to court
1980 US versus the Sioux Nation ending in the Soo being entitled to compensation of $17.5 million +5% interest since the loss of the Black Hills
1990 Made 30 state pass laws protecting Indian remains and burial grounds

Question 26

Religious freedom act

Answer 26

1978 allowed Indians to use the feathers of endangered animals

Question 27

Indian child welfare act

Answer 27

1978 stopped Native American children being taken by social workers due to supposed neglect

Question 28

Seminole tribe versus Butterworth

Answer 28

1982 Supreme Court ruled that the tribe had the right to establish gambling enterprises on their reservation lands even if gambling enterprises were banned by state laws

Question 29

When was red clouds war and what happened?

Answer 29

1865 to 1868 resulted in the creation of the second Fort Laramie Treaty creating the great Sioux reservation
Gold found, Trail created, breach of treaty, attacks on travellers