nationalism mine Flashcards
spectrum of nationalist thinkers x5
Rousseau - liberal nationalist
Garvey - anti/post colonial nationalist
Mazzini - liberal/conservative nationalist
Von Herder - conservative nationalist
Maurras - expansionist nationalist
top of spectrum x4
rational
inclusive
progressive
pacifist
bottom of spectrum x4
irrational
exclusive
regressive
militant
militarism
strong nation needs a strong army
Maurras
anti-individualism
you put your nation above yourself. even in event of death
maurras
integral nationalism
the individual should be entirely immersed in the interests of the nation. it is anti-individualist and expansionist, reflected in the totalitarian states of the 1930s
Maurras
spirituality
“god and people” was the idea that god had divided humanity into nations. so cannot be changed
Mazzini
nationhood
more liberal view from Mazzini
you have the right to choose your nation and state
people need nations to enjoy their liberties as nation-state was a partnership of free and equal humans bound together in unity.
patriotism and action
you have a duty to your nation, so serve it
Mazzini
collective will
the government should reflect the collective will, in doing so they have legitimacy
Rousseau
went on the write “the social contract”
civic nationalism
Rousseau
you can be part of any nation as long as you subscribe to their values. a state can only be legitimate if it is based on the active participation of its citizens
volksgeist
Von Herder
the people (volk) were the root of a national culture and possess a special nature (volksgeist) nation states are the expression of cultural differences
culturalism
every nation was different and had its own unique identity. relations between nations allowed understanding of others.
patriotism
von herder
“he that has lost his patriotic spirit has lost himself and the whole worlds about himself”
black pride
african people around the world should be proud of their race and are one people without difference.
garvey
pan-africanism
all african people across the world should unite in africa.
garvey
seperatism
black and white america needs seperate territories to fully understand their own identities. this would empower black people.
no hostility, all are equal
garvey
rousseau state x3
Self determination as governments should be run on the collective will of the community and they have a right to govern themselves
-the state is obliged to listen to the common will of the people. Only thorugh civic naitonalism and participation of citizens can the state be legitimate.
-having natin states is the ultimate aim of liberal nationaliss
garvey state x2
wanted Africans to unite to form one state (pan africanism)
-want liberation from colonial powers and self-determination with independent states.
mazzini state x1
necessity for them
nationhood
to be free, people need nations in order to express themselves and unite. The nation state is a partnership of free and equal humans bound in unity
maurras state x2
militarism, the state must have a strong and expansion-looking force to assert itself as successful?
-only some nations can beenfit from nation-statehood, while other less uperior nations should accept their psoition as colonies of ‘stronger nations’
rousseau society x1
Civic nationalism - shared vision of society and pride in political institutions eg USA tends to be progressive and inclusive.
garvey society x2
Seperatism - he did not believe in Pan-africanist seperatism because of supremacy but argued all were equal and this seperation would empower black people, enabling them to find an identity and prosper
-black pride
von herder society x4
Culturalism - society based on shared cultural values. The best way of creating cohesion and unity wihtin society is to foster national identity thorugh shared experences eg…
Traditions, history and culture create a common bond within a nation (intangible things)
We should see ourselves as one-nation and not made up of rich and poor, old and young which divide us from our purpose being the state
Volksgeist - the poeple (volk) were the root of a national culture and possess a special nature (volksgeist) Nation states are the expression of cultural differences not the creator of them
maurras society x2
Chauvanistic nationalism - where there is abelief the naiton’s culture is superior. Social darwinism
-integral nationalism, total immersion of the individual in the interests of the nation.
rousseau economy x2
Want to cooperate economically with other nations.
International dependence wehre nation-states cooperate for mutual benefit which creates a stable and peaceful world.
garvey economy x1
a strong independent black economy was needed to gain respect
maurras economy x2
All nation states dont have right to control their own economy, other nations should control the lessers economy. E.g France in African colony is the superior nation and can take control of the economy of the african colonies for their own gain
ECONOMIC INDEPENDENCE
SELF SUFFICIENT
CONTROL INFERIOR NATIONS ECONOMY.
rousseau human nature x1
Take a progressive/ rational view of human nature therefore support civic nationalism which is a rational form of nationalism. Civic nationalism is the belief that your nation can be changed through active participation and loyalty to the state
garvey human nature x1
humans are created equal but there are differences too wide to have integration
von herder human nature x2
Take a less rational view of human nature and ague that nationhood is based on cultural loyalties not civic loyalties. This is irrational as it is based on volksgeist and culturalism
“your nation chooses you, you dont choose your nation”
maurras human nature x1
God has created each race differently, with different attributes which place some races biologically ‘superior’ than others (social darwinism).
rousseau rev state and soc x5
harm principle
- Self-determination: Individuals are born with natural rights and the republic state must govern with people’sgeneral will(social contract), e.g. Constitution guarantees the rights and liberties of the citizens
○ All nations should mutually respect each other’sautonomy, unless one nation harms another e.g. the UK went to war with Germany twice in the twentieth century when Germany invaded another country like Poland, or a nation harms its own citizens, e.g. the US launched air strikes on Syria in 2018 when Syria used chemical weapons on its own people- Civic nationalism: Shared sense of national pride in the values of a nation, including tolerance,libertyand equality between all groups.
- Inclusive nationalism: There is no need for a common religion, region, social identity or race
○ Voluntarism: Individuals who self-identify as a ‘people’ and who voluntarily establish their own national community could constitute a nation
rousseau rev human nature x2
- Rationalism: Humans are rational who seek their own freedom to formulate ideas based on human reasoning and logic
- “Man was born free and everywhere he is in chains.”
rousseau rev economy x5
- Supranationalism: sovereignty transcending national boundaries, e.g. EU members countries pool their sovereignty and make decisions to European level
○ Liberal internationalism - less emphasis on national boundaries and international cooperation is crucial to social and economic progress
○ Schengen area: no borders between countries
○ Free Trade: facilitate interdependence among sovereign nation states as they cannot start a war r u cooked without considering the cost-benefit when they have commercial relationships
Alternative example: NATO - join to protect own countries when needed with supports from allies)
von herder human nature rev x1
Volksgeists- ‘folk spirit’ that unites people and gives them a strong sense of collective national identity
von herder rev state and soc x6
- Sharedlanguage(cultural and historical heritage/experiences) forms national identity
○ Exclusive nationalism: only ones who are a part of collective experiences can be the part of nation, but they welcome people who integrate into the values of the state- Preserve the organic nationand maintain national unity, loyalty and pride in one’s country: rose-tinted nostalgia and traditions (Regressive)
e.g. Annual remembrance of the war dead (World War), Fascination with WWII = our finest hour, celebration of the Royal family, Falklands war 1982-83 (Thatcher) - ‘He that has lost his patriotic spirit has lost himself.’
‘Has a people anything dearer than the speech of its fathers?’
- Preserve the organic nationand maintain national unity, loyalty and pride in one’s country: rose-tinted nostalgia and traditions (Regressive)
mazzini human nature x3
- Peopleseek libertybut do so on the unique basis of theirshared cultural heritage
- Reject rationalism: people are motivated by passion andloyalty to their nationsand take action on it (overstated rationalism)
- ‘A country is not a mere territory, the particular territory is only its foundation; it is the sentiment of love, the sense of fellowship, which binds together the sons of that territory.’
mazzini rev state and soc x6
- “O my brothers, I love your country.”
- Romanticism: the political community (the state) should be based on national identity (national spirit)
- National spirit: the state is aromantic idealand the ultimate expression of the unity of a people -spiritual attachment to nationhood
- Patriotism = love and be loyal to the country you belong to. Mazzini described himself as a patriot fuelled by the injustice that much of Italy was occupied by the Austrian Empire, rather than a nationalist as he thought nationalist was xenophobic and chauvinistic
- Pro-republican democracies: liberty, equality and humanity.
- Self-determination- mutual understanding of each other’s popular sovereignty toensure lasting peace and co-operationbetween 12 nation-states in Italy
- “Every nation is destined, by the law of God and humanity, to form a free and equal community of brothers”
maurras human nature rev x3
- National heritageis the principal aspect of a person’s character, whileethnicityis a significant determinant of nationality.
- Integral nationalism - citizens immerse themselves completely within the nation,putting the needs of the nation above their own, i.e. obey the country as the subject, collective nation > individual rights
- “a true nationalist places his country above everything”
maurras state and soc x7
- The state must be organised according to the nation’s heritage andethnicity, not according to universalist notions of liberty
○ Exclusive nationalism: Maurras considered Jewish community in France were likeother ‘foreigners’who were unable to feel any genuine affinity for the nation- Anti-democracy: Undoing democratisation and secularisation which brought stability in the French society, as foreigners who developed republican democracy only place the needs of their nation above to serve foreign interests
- Regressive nationalism - reactionary and xenophobic variant of conservative nationalism
- Chauvinistic nationalism: a belief in thesuperiority of own nations, which are seen strong, virtuous and dominant, whilst the others are inferior, weak and unimportant
□ Imperialism/colonialism - a nationdeveloping an overseas empireand settling its people in these conquered countries, e.g. The British Empire
® Extreme cases: Nazis and the genocide of European Jews in the Holocaust during the WWII, Myanmar and the Rohingya genocide
maurras econ rev x4
- Radical/ultra-nationalism - a country asserts or maintains detrimental hegemony, supremacy, or other forms of control over other nations (e.g. military) to pursue its specific interests (e.g. Nazis - No Jewish, Japan - strong and powerful constitutional monarchy country (control Korea and Manchukuo (puppet state of empire of Japan in China))
○ Nativism(US): White Anglo-Saxo Protestants (WASP) had a strong sense of superiority (preferential treatment) over racial and ethnic groups whom they regarded as inferior, e.g. Native Americans, Mexicans, African Americans, etc -> Trump policies include: Build a wall between USA and Mexico, derogatory comments towards Islam and Mexicans, introduction of economic tariffs on trade with China and the EU
□ Favour economic protectionism: anti-free trade, sceptical of globalisation
garvey rev human nature x3
- Black pride - to encourage Black people to be proud of their race and to see beauty in their own kind.
- All people are part of either a white or black race. Though the white race has dominated the black race, the latter can claim a distinct history and culture
- “The Black skin is not a badge of shame, but rather a glorious symbol of national greatness.”
garvey rev state and soc x5
- Anti-colonialism
○ Pan-Africanism: Unification of Africa (The African Union AU). Africans in every part of the world must put aside cultural and ethnic differences if they are to progress, i.e. to blur out the African cultural differences and facilitate re-establishing cultural links within African states, thus unified Africa would be a single sovereign state/collaboration of African state
○ Self-determination: provide African American with education to rediscover their heritage (UNIA)
○ Progressive approach in social justice: campaigned in the context that was structurally biassed towards people of the white European descent, e.g. racial segregation of communities, slavery
○ Integral nationalism would shape African-American as second-class citizens
garvey rev econ x4
- Post-colonialism (prefer Marxist/socialist economic policies)
- Alternative to the white western-created model of the nation-state (no white supremacy)
○ Fundamentalist socialism to resist international economic oppression by colonial powers
e.g. Julius Nyerere - ujamaa (familyhood): foster a sense ofvalue of national kinship and community and respond to highly bureaucratic capitalist model o nce imposed by colonialist Britain
- Alternative to the white western-created model of the nation-state (no white supremacy)
Rousseau key ideas x5
self-determination
supra-nationalism
civic nationalism
collective will
inclusive nationalism (plus voluntarism)
Garvey key ideas x4
- pan-africanism
- seperatism
- black pride
- liberation from oppression + colonialism
mazzini key ideas x3
- spirituality
- nationhood
- patriotism and action
von herder key ideas x3
- volksgeist
- patriotism
- culturalism
maurras key ideas x4
- militarism
- anti-individualism
- integral nationalism
- chauvinistic nationalism (imperialism)
