Nationalism

Question 1

3 ways the State is significant to Nationalist thinkers

Answer 1

Von herder - States are based on collective identity of people with shared culture

Charles Maurras - some states & people are superior to others

Marcus Garvey - States are artificial structures, only meaningful state should unite black people.

Question 2

3 ways Society is significant to Nationalist thinkers

Answer 2

Von Herder - cultural concept based on shared sense of culture and national heritage

Rousseau - Political society based on national self determination.

Charles Maurras - Society is based on shared sense of ethnicity – superior to others.

Question 3

3 ways Human Nature is significant to Nationalist thinkers

Answer 3

• Von Herder; collective identity of a cultural group with common language & history.
• Charles Maurras; ethnic identity is key aspect of consciousness
• Marcus Garvey; All people are part of either a black or white race.

Question 4

Human Nature; Language?

Answer 4

Early Nationalists e.g. Herder,
Language is a key aspect that binds people together = indicating a common history

E.g. French in the dark ages bound together by language to create a nation.

Question 5

3 types of social movements transcending into nationalism?

Answer 5

Civil Nationalism
Liberal International
Socialist Internationalism

Question 6

State; Self-Determination?

Answer 6

Reaction against the monarchy leading to democratic societies; a nation aspiring to self govern should be granted sovereignty & this should be respected for this.

Question 7

Nationalisms relationship with the Economy?

Answer 7

No link between nationalism & economic ideas - thrives within different economic structures.

Question 8

What is Nationalism?

Answer 8

identification with one’s nation and support for its interests - sometimes marked by feelings of superiority over other countries.

Question 9

What is Nationalism founded on?

Answer 9

Shared religion/ language/ culture/ ethnicity/ geography

Question 10

Human Nature; Religion?

Answer 10

Nation of Israel (jews) bound together by religion.

Question 11

Human Nature: Culture?

Answer 11

shared history e.g. British - multinational but with a strong sense of cultural identity.

Question 12

Human Nature; Ethnicity?

Answer 12

biological divisions creating strong ethnic nations due to little immigration e.g. The Japanese

Question 13

Human Nature; Geography?

Answer 13

Occupied specific territory for a long period of time - exaggerated attachment/

Question 14

Human Nature - what is Conservative Cultural Nationalism?

Answer 14

Collective identity - concern to see their culture strengthened as it is superior to others.

Question 15

Human Nature - what is racialism?

Answer 15

Racial distinctions are the most important form of national identity.

Question 16

Human Nature - what is racism?

Answer 16

one racial groups feeling of superiority over another - translates into discrimination

Question 17

Human Nature - what is Liberal Cultural Nationalism?

Answer 17

Collective identity - culture is threatened by a dominant force, don’t seek independence but for their identity (e.g. language) to be respected (e.g. wales)

Question 18

State; The Nation-State?

Answer 18

Joins together statehood + collective national identity = the state is a political entity and the nation is a social one based on collective features (e.g. language)

Question 19

3 exceptions to the Nation-State

Answer 19

1. States are multicultural - contain more than one national grouping e.g. UK (scotland, ireland, england & wales)
2. States do not contain a single national identity, unity is instead based on shared political values e.g. USA
3. some nations exist within another nation-state, e.g. Scotland within the UK

Question 20

Society: Civil Nationalism

Answer 20

national identity is less important than peoples pride in the political institutions of the state e.g. USA - citizens encouraged to develop pride for country.
test of citizenship in countries w high levels of immigration = learn civil values

Question 21

Society: Liberal Internationalism

Answer 21

liberal democratic state is desired & established/protected through international cooperation
e.g. The EU - states have to demonstrate how democratic their political systems are to gain membership.

Question 22

Society: Socialist Internationalism

Answer 22

class focused - socialists would tolerate nationalism if it allied with working-class aspirations.

Question 23

The Economy; Socialist Nationalism?

Answer 23

combine nationalism & socialism to combat capitalist imperialism & create a collective economic system to unite people with a weak sense of social identity

Question 24

The Economy: Nativism & Protectionism?

Answer 24

original national group should have economic priority over others that have arrived more recently - first for employment & claim social benefits.

Question 25

Liberal Nationalism

Answer 25

1) influenced by the enlightenments stress on rational thinking = nation-state is the ultimate rational government
rational thought provided new jurisdiction for gov inc. nations had to be independent, rights would be restored only if the people themselves became involved in the governments establishment = self-determination (Mazzini)

Question 26

What did Conservative Nationalism; Traditional form, fear about Liberal Nationalism?

Answer 26

That Liberal Nationalism would lead to destruction of traditional forms of authority = threatening order

Question 27

Imperialism & Colonialism

Answer 27

19th C nationalist aspirations - Britain, France & Germany created overseas empires whilst whilst under conservative nationalist rule.
= National Identity expressed through colonialism, national pride was replaced with imperial pride.

Question 28

Radical Nationalism & Fascism

Answer 28

Fascism removes individual will; sacrificing individual rights & placing the power of the political state above the nation. - Leader will claim they embody the will of the people. (Similar to socialism).

Question 29

How did Anti-Colonial & Post-Colonial Nationalism emerge?

Answer 29

during colonial occupation (anti colonial)

dominated political agenda of countries after gaining full independence again (post colonial)

Question 30

Anti-Colonial & Post-Colonial Nationalism; Marxism/Socialism, Religion & Leadership Cult.

Answer 30

Marxism/Socialism = most common synthesis
Religion = Islamic countries ‘Islamic State’
Leadership Cult = hard to establish democracy - national identity through force.

Question 31

Expansionist Nationalism

Answer 31

Leaders underpin their power by generating belief that the country is under constant threat.
E.g. Hitler wanted to take over ‘German’ countries, expanding to the east for living space, because they were currently full of degenerates.

Question 32

Black Nationalism

Answer 32

Introduced by Jamaican leader Marcus Garvey, later developed by USA Malcolm X = Black Nationalist movement that combines Islamic principles with racial identity, naming it the nation of Islam.
Split the world into two races – black & white, and saw the black race as a superior and pre-dating the white race.
Common ancestry of all black people in Africa and sought to foster a sense of nationalism among them.

Question 33

Where does Liberal Nationalism tend to flourish?

Answer 33

Countries that are part of a larger state but wish to be free & independent e.g. Scotland

Question 34

What did Conservative Nationalism; Traditional

Answer 34

2) Nationalism became force of order & stability = In France, Charles Maurras was urged an emotional nationalism -adding xenophobia and anti-Semitism were vital to restore France’s ‘greatness’. He appealed to the patriotism and traditional Catholicism to unite the French people.

Question 35

How did Imperialism & Colonialism come to an end?

Answer 35

By the end of WW1 the imperialist era was coming to an end as the United Nations outlawed colonialism in 1945 and set about the dissolution of European empires.

Question 36

Example of Radical Nationalism & Racism?

Answer 36

Hitler and the Nazi Party led to a leadership cult whereby those who challenged his leadership were therefore traitors.

Question 37

What is Anti-Colonial & Post-Colonial Nationalism emerge?

Answer 37

following the independence of colonies, leaders continue to practice nationalism with another political system (marxism, Religious nat or Leadership cult) as they struggled to create a sense of national identity.

Question 38

Forms of Expansionist Nationalism?

Answer 38

Imperialism 
Pan-Nationalism 
Militarism 
Chauvinism 
Racial Conquest

Question 39

What is Imperialism?

Answer 39

Expan Nat: associated with conservative nationalism in the 19th century - extending a country’s power and influence through colonisation/use of military force.

Question 40

What is Pan-Nationalism?

Answer 40

Expan Nat: an aspiration to unite people spread across different states. E.g. Pan-Arabism.

Question 41

What is Militarism?

Answer 41

Expan Nat: based on the character of the nation when it was military dominant. (E.g. Nazism). Militarism aims to rekindle past glories of the nation and excessive patriotism (chauvinism) is to mobilize the people through the armed forces to create a powerful sense of national unity.

Question 42

What is Chauvinism?

Answer 42

Expan Nat: Excessive form of patriotism, exaggerated so much that it demonstrates a certainty that one nations character is superior to another. (Linked to Maurras)
E.g. Make America Great Again’

Question 43

What is Racial Conquest?

Answer 43

Expan Nat: believe their own race is superior to another and that they’re therefore entitled to territory occupied by other racial groups. (Nazism)