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Political Ideology > Conservatism > Flashcards

Conservatism Flashcards

1
Q

Origins of Conservatism?

A

The Enlightenment & The French Revolution

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2
Q

Conservatisms view of Human Nature?

A

Philosophy of Imperfection - flawed & imperfect due to original sin = perfect society is unattainable.

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3
Q

Conservative Economy?

A

Capitalist - defends inequalities of wealth

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4
Q

Conservative view of Society (& Human Nature?)

A

The perfect society is unattainable due to human imperfection - society should be monitored as it grows and changes naturally

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5
Q

3 theorists & Human Nature

A

Thomas Hobbes - Cynical, nasty brutish & short, state of nature.
Micheal Oakeshott - modest, imperfect but not immoral
Robert Nozick - optimistic = desire for individual freedom - innovated by self-interest

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6
Q

3 theorists & the State

A

Thomas Hobbes -
Edmund Burke -
Ayn Rand -

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7
Q

What approach do conservatives take to Human Nature?

A

rational thought as a result of the enlightenment led to a realistic not optimistic approach

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8
Q

What would happen without state interference?

A

conflict between individuals - a social contract must instead be created so individuals give up their rights in return for protection

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9
Q

Key themes defining a conservative society? (7)

A 
Localism
Organicism 
Empiricism 
Tradition 
Hierarchy
Judaeo-Christian morality 
Property
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10
Q

Key Themes defining a conservative state?

A

Order & Authority
Organic origins
The ruling class
The nation-state

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11
Q

The States in regards to Human Nature?

A

Human Nature is fixed and the state cannot change but rather maintain & monitor it

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12
Q

Society: Localism?

A

localised communities = ‘little platoons’ (burke) providing individuals w security.
(avoid selfish individuals = classic lib)

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13
Q

Society: Organicism?

A

society cannot b created, it emerges gradually over time - more like a plant than a machine that can grow and develop.

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14
Q

Society: Empiricism?

A

evidence over theory - society should aim to ‘stay afloat’ rather than aim itself (Oakeshott)

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15
Q

Society: Tradition?

A

gradual (evolution) rather than drastic change (revolution) = provide security in an uncertain world

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16
Q

Society: Hierarchy?

A

Affairs controlled by a small group of individuals - this power & responsibility comes with paternalism (responsibility)

17
Q

Society: Judaeo-Christian morality?

A

religious principles - emphasis on marriage & families

18
Q

Society: Property?

A

not acquired but handed down = tradition of continuity, provides stability

19
Q

State; Order & Authority?

A

Main goal of the conservative state is to provide order & security = without this there would be no liberty

20
Q

State: Organic Origins

A

State should emerge gradually (favour an unmodified constitution which is open to change)

21
Q

State; The Ruling class

A

State reflecting elite society = aristocratic and hereditary rather than democratic, keen for a class born to rule the state, maintain traditional patterns of wealth & power in society = reject social upheaval

22
Q

Private Property & Paternalism?

A

in the interest of the Property owning elite to be concerned for those less fortunate so they don’t revolt against them (burke)

23
Q

What is the idea of a Social Contract?

A

State; citizens surrender their individual freedoms in return for security/state protection

24
Q

How does Capitalism clash with Traditional Conservatism?

A

Laissez-Faire economics requires an optimistic view of human nature.
Capitalism promotes risk but conservatisms worship order & stability
= ‘reluctant supporters’

25
Q

How is Capitalism made to work in a conservative economy?

A

Moderate capitalism - Free-markets are unpredictable so state must moderate it though state-imposed tariffs.

26
Q

1) Traditional Conservatism; aftermath of french revolution?

A

1) Principles grounded in reaction to French Revolution 1789 - challenging established ideas, threatening order & tradition

PM support of aristocratic rule & paternalism which should not be disrupted = would threaten order.

Edmund Burke - concerned by radical interpretation of the enlightenment & its impact on security - ‘change to conserve’

27
Q

1) Traditional Conservatism: Response to Egalitarianism & Racism?

A

3) conservatism evolved due to First World War & fascism
= sustain a society based on property ownership & inequality - prepared to sanction state intervention in order to protect privilege. = embraced Keynesian economics, welfare state.

28
Q

2) New Right Conservatism

A

neo-liberalism and neo-conservstivism emphasis on individual freedom = laissez faire capitalism, private property & minimal government.

29
Q

1) Traditional Conservatism: emergence of ‘one nation’

A

2) Threat of order continued through 19th century fuelled by demands for democracy.

nations aristocrats had a paternalist duty to ‘elevate the condition of the people’ Disraeli
= Conservatism should prioritise national unity by attending to societies poorer classes - used to justify state intervention & higher levels of public spending & Taxation.

= endorsed state sponsored reform, the opposite of minimal state intervention.

20th C - social conservatism & economic liberalism = supporting keynesianism & public spending on state welfare

30
Q

The ‘crisis’ of traditional conservatism?

A

inflation, unemployment, unsustainable welfare spending (as a result of one nation conservatism) = new interpretation was urgent

31
Q

How Capitalism is compatible with conservatism

A
  • based on private property = supported by conservatives
  • provides wealth to ruling class to be used for paternalistic support
  • New Right C extend private property to increase individual freedoms
32
Q

How Capitalism is not compatible with conservatism

A
  • focuses on individuals rather than communities
  • dynamic & volatile = threatening stability
  • creates a meritocracy
33
Q

Key aspects of New-Right Conservatism

A

Deregulation
Dismantling of Welfare System (dependency culture = limiting individualism)
Privatisation of Businesses

Political Ideology (4 decks)

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