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Political Ideology > Liberalism > Flashcards

Liberalism Flashcards

1
Q

Origins of Liberalism

A

Enlightenment -
Age of Reason, Philosophical Movement, in the 17th & 18th century = reason rather than faith, challenge rules of monarch & religion e.g. Devine right of Kings.

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2
Q

Human Nature pre-enlightenment?

A

humans were imperfect due to original sin = prey to god for salvation & forgiveness

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3
Q

Human Nature post-enlightenment?

A

Optimistic view driven by rationality & reason - problems solved through discussion not violence (revolution)

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4
Q

What does Liberalism reject in regards to Human Nature?

A

‘Fate’ & ‘Gods Plan’ = individuals can shape their own destiny instead.

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5
Q

Criticism of Liberalism view of Human Nature?

A

Thomas Hobbes; HN is negative & naturally selfish

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6
Q

What does John Lock believe in regards to society?

A

a Natural society with natural laws can facilitate individualism & individual freedom

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7
Q

Society & Right to Property?

A

supported by JSM & JL = property is the prism for individuals to develop their potential/individual freedom

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8
Q

Criticism of Liberalism view of Society?

A

Thomas Hobbes; ‘natural’ society requires a state to survive as human nature must be restrained

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9
Q

Adam Smiths book (economy)

A

‘The Wealth of Nations’ 1776 - ‘laissez fair capitalism’ private ownership, free trade, low government regulation

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10
Q

Economy & Private Property

A

essential for a prosperous society

- ownership of land = productivity in order to pay taxes

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11
Q

What type of economic system is supported by Liberalism?

A

Capitalism (economic liberalism) = positive view of HN ensures trickle down economics

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12
Q

What did John S. Mill believe in regards to society?

A

Individuals are rational in pursuit of their self interests & therefore wish to fulfil their desire to be self-reliant & independent.

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13
Q

Objectives of the Liberal State? (7)

A 
Rejection of the 'Traditional State'
Government by consent
Promotion of Natural Rights/Individualism Promotion of tolerance
Meritocracy
Equality of Opportunity 
Justice
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14
Q

State: What is the Rejection of the Traditional State?

A

Rejection of the state that was common in Europe pre-enlightenment - ruled by monarchs & arbitrary rule

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15
Q

State: What is a Government by Consent? & quote

A

a state that is only legitimate if those being governed have chosen who’s in power

Locke - ‘Government should be servant, not master, of the people’

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16
Q

State: What is the Promotion of tolerance?

A

tolerance of those exercising their rights.
(John S Mill) Harm Principle = individuals are free unless their actions ‘harm’ the rights & freedoms of other individuals within the state, later developed by Betty Freidan

17
Q

State: What is ‘Meritocracy’?

A

Political power should e exercised by those worthy enough to govern
NOT have it passed down = birth should not trump ability (hence rejection of divine right of kings)

18
Q

State: What is Equality of Opportunity

A

individuals are born equal with equal rights of equal value = equal opportunity of reaching their potential

Failing individuals are responsible for themselves, not the state to blame

19
Q

Classical Liberalism - Key thinkers

A

John Locke & John Stewart Mill

20
Q

Classical Liberalism - Minimal State?

A

individual freedom is best achieved by government playing only a minimal role in people’s lives - opposing an expansion of the state.

21
Q

Classical Liberalism - Negative Liberty?

A

individuals should pursue their destiny = individual liberty is an essential element of self-determination, interference is an infringement on individual liberty

22
Q

Classical Liberalism - Laissez-fair Capitalism?

A

Minimal state interference to facilitate private enterprise = capitalism

23
Q

When did Later Classical Liberalism emerge?

A

following industrialisation leading to many leaving the countryside and living in cities

24
Q

Classical Liberalism - Revolution?

A

Revolutionary Acts may be necessary to challenge pre-enlightenment ideas and establish a government by consent

25
Q

When did Modern Liberalism begin?

A

Late 19th century

26
Q

Modern Liberalism - 1) Positive Liberty/Social Justice?

A

T.H. Green - modern societies stoped individualism meaning they could not seek self-determination/realisation - social justices required in order for individuals to still do this.

27
Q

Modern Liberalism - Positive freedom

A

key aspect, revised ‘negative freedom’ individuals left alone are inhibited rather than free - need enabling in order to utilise their individual talents & reach their potential

28
Q

Modern Liberalism - 2) Enlarged & enabled state

A

create a large state to stop socio-economic problems from threatening freedom & individuality

29
Q

Modern Liberalism - Collectivism

A

Individuals with personal interest are better addressed if they are shared with a common group - Freidrick V. Hayek - betrayed classical liberalism

30
Q

Modern Liberalism - 3) Constitutional Reform/Democracy

A

enlarged state must be improved - Government by Concent = liberal democracy

31
Q

How do Modern Liberals limit democracy?

A

against referendums - fear a tyranny of the majority (e.g. Brexit) - dilute democracy to protect liberal values.

32
Q

What is Social Liberalism?

A

aspect of modern liberalism updating classical liberalisms stress on the ‘Promotion of Tolerance’

33
Q

Key Social Liberalist Thinker?

A

Betty Friedan

34
Q

When did Neo-Liberalism emerge & why?

A

20th century to bring classical liberalism into modern age, criticising modern liberalism as its socialism betrayed individualism

35
Q

Neo-Liberalism; economic policy?

A

reemphasis on negative freedom & minimal state, less public spending, privatisation of public services = labelled a conservative ideology

36
Q

3 ways Human Nature is significant to Liberal thinkers?

A

Mary Woolstonecraft
John Stewart Mill
Betty Friedan

37
Q

3 ways Society is significant to Liberal thinkers?

A

John Locke
John Stewart Mill
John Rawls

38
Q

3 ways the State is significant to Liberal thinkers?

A

John Locke
John Stewart Mill
John Rawls

Political Ideology (4 decks)

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