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Nationalism 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Rousseau thoughts on rationalism

A

He championed the enlightenment rationalism with the insistence that individuals should acquire their liberty by breaking the bonds of tradition and hierarchy that previously shaped societies

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2
Q

Rousseau’s view on society

A

He believed that a world of entirely autonomous, self-seeking individuals did not seem much more likely than his present world of autocratic monarchs.

So therefore argued societies of individuals should be formed into self-governing communities and shaped according to their general will

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3
Q

What did the French revolutionaries understand about the concept of self-governing

A

The source of sovereignty is essentially in the nation; no body, no individual can exercise authority that does not proceed from it in plain terms

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4
Q

What was Rousseau’s book and when was it written

A

The Social Contract - 1762

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5
Q

What is Rousseau’s theory of general will

A

As a society was made up of rational individuals, their general will rather than the singular will of an autocrat was best qualified to chose a government which would uphold their rights

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6
Q

What did Rousseau believe constituted a nation and what did this mean for general will

A

Shared language and history meaning that people would have a mutual understanding of what form government should take

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7
Q

What was Rousseau’s primary purpose for nationalism

A

To provide individuals with civic rights, not to foster a sense of cultural affinity. The nation was to be a servant of the freedom-enshrining state - forward looking and civic

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8
Q

What are civic rights

A

The rights belonging to all citizens of a state

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9
Q

What is a nation state

A

A state with a single, universally recognised central government in which citizens are generally bound by a shared culture and set of values

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10
Q

What did Mazzini want during the Italian unification

A

10 culturally Italian states with a centralised republican government promoting rights and interests of Italian citizens

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11
Q

What is individual self-determination

A

The ability of a person to decide how the lead their life or pursue happiness

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12
Q

What probed Herder to his views

A

He was troubled by what he viewed as the enlightenment tendency to see individuals as coldly rational and rootless atoms

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13
Q

What did Herder argue that defined an individual

A

Not their reason or universal freedoms afforded in a civic society but the Volksgeist that they inherited from the unique collective, historical and cultural evolution of their nation.

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14
Q

What did Herder believe the world was made up of

A

Nations and not individuals

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15
Q

What did Herder influence

A

German unification

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16
Q

What was Herders belief regarding the relationship between the state and society

A

The organic, fully formed nation should proceed the state and that the state was the servant of the nation with a duty to promote unity within it

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17
Q

What is the conservative view of supranational organisations

A

Nation-states should follow their own interests and not subscribe to internationalism

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18
Q

Does Herder believe in cultural conformity of citizens by government to infer superiority over other nations

A

No. He does not believe his views to this extent, however integral nationalists do such as the Nazi’s and the Aryan race.

He believes in the cultural nationalism such as Welsh in the UK or Catalans in Spain, who encourage the continued speaking and celebration of their languages.

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19
Q

What is cultural nationalism

A

A form of nationalism which focus on the common language or history of a nation rather than the development of a shared set of modern civic values or race

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20
Q

Do the Conservatives take a civic or cultural approach to the nation state

A

Cultural. Herder was a critic of the Enlightenment and argued that an individuals identity was defined less by any rights and freedoms that than by the Volksgeist

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21
Q

What did Mazzini form in 1831 and why

A

He formed Young Italy to overthrow various rulers of states of Italy

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21
Q

What is the Volksgeist

A

The spirit that binds a people together. It can be variously based on language, culture, shared history or a sense of intellectual superiority

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21
Q

How did Mazzini influence Italy

A

Played a leading role in the Italian unification movement in the nineteenth century

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22
Q

What did Mazzini form in 1831 and why

A

Young Italy to overthrow various rulers of the states on Italy to create a united Italy. His nationalism was both democratic and forward looking. This spread to other European countries

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23
What was Mazzini's views on international relations
Sought for international peace and order anticipating Woodrow Wilsons internationalism. He thought there should be a mutual understanding of each other's popular sovereignty was also to ensure lasting peace and co-operation between these nation-states.
24
What is Mazzini's work
The Duties of Man
25
What was the 'scramble for africa'
Rapid acquisition of overseas colonies in the continent of Africa in the twentieth century. It brought about war and patriotic duty.
26
What is national self-determination
The right of nations, like individuals, to decide their own affairs and define their own interests and priorities
27
What did Maurras believe about nation loyalty
He thought it should be put above the concerns about rights of individuals or the national sovereignty of other states
28
What is national sovereignty
The rights of a nation-state to determine its own affairs without interference from other states or international organizations
29
What is anti-colonial nationalism
A movement that sought independence for a nation still governed by an overseas empire
30
What is post-colonial nationalism
A movement that sought to safeguard the independence and unique national character of states that had already achieved independence
31
What was Garveys main aim
To rediscover African culture
32
Overview of Maurras' writing and views
Provide a valuable insight into anti-democratic, reactionary and xenophobic tendencies
33
What did Maurras become the leader of in 1889
Action Fracaise which were involved in a scandal resulting in Jewish exclusion
34
What did Maurras blame the foreigners for in France
The development of Republican democracy
35
What did Maurras write that made clear his views of opposition to democracy
Mes Idees Politiques
36
Why did Maurras oppose democracy
It had allowed French citizens to be misled by unscrupulous unpatriotic elements who had persuaded them to throw off the paternalistic and stabilising influence of the French monarchy and Catholic Church
37
What are the features of nations (4)
Language Religion Cultural heritage Ethnicity
38
Who believed in language being an essential feature of nationalism
Herder. He believed language as a tool for communication and shaping collective consciousness is a key aspect of culture. This led to his campaign for German unification. Also Mazzini believed it was key to justify the unification of Italian-speaking states
39
Who believed in religion being an essential feature of nationalism
Many modern nationalists such as the creation of Pakistan Maurras pointed to the role of the Catholic Church in French society as a key factor in shaping French national identity. He argued that the removal of Catholic Church influence in government, begun during the revolutionary period
40
Who believed in cultural heritage being an essential feature of nationalism
Mazzini. He presented his fellow Italians as heirs to the Roman republic of the classical era. Also, pride in the nation's history and artistic influence has always been a key feature of British nationalism. Shakespeare's influence on the English language and national character is regularly invoked
41
Who believed in ethnicity being an essential feature of nationalism
Both Garvey and Maurras Garvey appealed to the superior culture and history of the 'black race' in order to combat colonial oppression, using it to justify both his calls for separation of black Americans from white society and his Pan-African aims. Maurras cited ethnicity to justify oppression in the form of excluding Jewish people from the French nation.
42
What is Pan-African nationalism
The desire to unite all African people in one state. Garvey wanted a common heritage and opposition of the white colonisers
43
What two forms can cultural nationalism take
Protecting the rights to cultural self-expression of minority national groups living within a nation-state Promoting the culture of a dominant national group, sometimes at the expense of minority groups
44
What is racialism
A belief that racial distinctions ae the most important form of national identity
45
Who was Garvey
A Jamaican political activist writer and entrepreneur with a different type of nationalism
46
What was Garvey's view on the nation-state
He dismissed the nation-state as an artificial political construct of white imperialists. Instead he advocated the unification of the whole African race and continent
47
What did Garvey introduce in the 1920's and how did the establishment of the UNIA help this
'Back to Africa' programme that was aimed at relocating Americans of African descent to the continent of their ancestors. The United Negro Improvement Association wanted to provide African Americans with the education to rediscover their heritage and the means to achieve self-determination
48
What did Garvey's Pan-African vision inspire
The Black Power movement of the 1960's and 70's.
49
What has Garvey been criticised of
Being divisive and backward looking - the Civil Rights Movement's aim to create an inclusive, tolerant and ethnically diverse US nation instead of Garvey wanting to remove black Americans from the white-dominated society. They have also criticised claims to reunify African to be undemocratic
50
How has Garvey been praised on his views
Progressive agenda in the name of social justice. He campaigned in a context that was structurally biased towards people of white European descent. Pan-African project provides and alternative to the white western-created model of the nation state
51
Liberal nationalists view on the state
Have traditionally viewed the nation as the servant of the state in its quest to provide individual self-determination for its citizens
52
What did Rousseau believe is the best way to uphold the states social contract
To give self-determination to the nation - following the theory of general will
53
What is the theory of general will
People of a nation together were most qualified to understand their overall interests and therefore choose governments capable of providing for them
54
How dominant is the nation-state
Wilson attempted to make the self-determining nation-state the dominant political unit in the democratic world but was not universally successful.
55
What is consociational democracy
Where the competing interests of two dominant national groups within a nation-state share power through an arrangement designed to give neither overall dominance
56
An example of consociational democracy
Belgium is governed in this way where the governing constitution is organised so power is shared between Dutch-speaking communities and French-speaking communities
57
What is civic nationalism
A form of nationalism designed mainly to confer rights and liberties on citizens rather than to require them to conform to any dominant national culture
58
What is Inclusive nationalism
A form or nationalism which allows anyone to join the nation in question regardless of race, ethnicity or cultural heritage
59
Who favours a societal civic nationalism
Rousseau and Mazzini
60
What did Rousseau inspire in relation to society
Understanding of the governing institutions set up to safeguard citizens' rights
61
Is liberal nationalism inclusive or exclusive
Inclusive
62
Why is civic society favoured by liberal nationalists
It prioritises citizen's rights to individual self-determination above the need to conform to any national cultural values
63

Politics (16 decks)

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