nationalism Flashcards
what is nationalism defined as?
-defined broadly as the belief that the nation is the central principle of political organisation.
two core principles?
-human kind is naturally divided into distinct nations.
-the nation is the most appropriate and perhaps only legitimate unit of political rule.
what is a nation?
-a collection of people bound together by shared values and traditions, common language , religion and history usually in the same geographical area.
when was nationalism started?
-during the french revolution, influenced by the writings
what is patriotism?
-sentiment or psychological attachment to ones country- love for ones country.
what is imperialism?
-broadly the policy of extending the power or rule of the state beyond its boundaries.
what is political nationalism?
-form of nationalism that is orientated around the pursuit of a sovereign statehood.
-based around the principle of national self-determinism.
-tends to be culturally and ethnically inclusive.
-often portrayed as rational and progressive.
what is self determination?
-belief that nations should decide how they are governed - to cover the idea of the nation as a genuine political community capable of self-government.
what is racialism?
-humankind can be meaningfully divided into separate races which possess different natures.
what is internationalism?
the world should unite across across boundaries to advance their common interest.
what is rationalism?
belief that the world has a rational structure linked with an emphasis on principle and reasoned-governed behaviour.
what is progressive?
-advocates social reform. focuses on future rather than draws from the past.
what is regressive?
-supports and cherishes ideas, values customs and institutions from an earlier age.
what is chauvinistic nationalism?
-uncritical and unreasoned form of nationalism dedicated to a cause or group based on notions of superiority of one nation over another.
what is cultural nationalism?
-form of nationalism that places primary emphasis on the regeneration of the nation rather than on self-government its concern is therefore to defend its traits eg the language.
-“the nation is made up of citizens each with inalienable rights.”
-political nationalism, all have foundational equality.
“associated with demands for assimilation and cultural purity.”
cultural- nations are distinctive and unique and based upon shared sets of cultural inputs that provides that sense of unity
overlaps with racism
cultural- draws from “biological” arguments and seeks to create pure nation based on common descent.
draws on historical stories and legend to create national spirit.
-cultural linked to herder and volk, unique character built on language and landscape which bind people.
draws on emotional and not the rational
cultural.
treats all nations as equal in status
political.
possible to have dual nationality and diverse societies
political
core points of liberal nationalism?
-early ideas linked to rousseau
-tied to the idea of creation of world of independent sovereign nation-states.
-seen as progressive because associated with democracy and is rationally based.
-looks to future not past with peace and harmony through democracy between equal nation states.
the 5 thinkers?
Rosseau- Liberal.
Mazzini-liberal.
Garvey
Mauras
Herder
what did Rousseau believe?
-patriotism and civic pride vital qualities to reinforce the nation.
-national identity must be on the basis of the political community
-identify a sense of ‘national spirit’ which could help unite and form the basis of democracy.
-republican who could only accept government by the collective consent of the people
-underpinned by a principled form of rationalism.
what did Mazzini believe?
-romantic revolutionary.
-republican determined to overthrow the monarch
-nations could only be free if it were a pure democracy.
-romantic idea of national spirit.
-liberal who saw nation as a means to connect individuals to the broader collective of humanity.
ultimate goal of liberal nationalists?
-create a world of independent sovereign nation states who hold equal right to self-determination.
how does lib nationalism transfers to the nation the idea of the liberty of the sovereign individual?
-by emphasising same support that liberals give to individuals for autonomy and self-reliance.
-stress desire for self-determination and foundational equality between nations on this basis.
why do lib nationalists argue for checked power and how should they do it?
-because as self-seeking individuals may come into contact with conflict with each other so may nations.
-advocate supranational institutions to act as referees and also advocate free trade.
why do lib nationalists not support the idea of trabalism?
because they see these as irrational bonds that encourage particularism rather than universalism leads to conflict and war.
what is organicism?
the natural desire for humans to gravitate towards those who are similar to
core points of con nationalism?
-see nations as organic rather than a collection of individuals.
-stress need for patriotism, duty and cultural unity to maintain national stability and order.
-occurs in existing nations.
-regressive.
-tend to be xenophobic fearing the influence of external states and internal threats like immigrants.
-tend to look back to when they perceived the nation to have been strong and dominant.
-insular nationalism.
-herder.
what does herder believe?
-romantic thinker reacted against the rational ideas of the enlightenment
-common language is the key feature to nationalist sentiment.
-believed in the volksgeist, common culture and spirit of the people.
what is the ultimate goal for con nationalist?
-maintain national unity by fostering patriotic loyalty and pride in ones country.
what purpose does tradition serve for con nat?
maintains the cohesive sense of unity and togetherness.
why does con nat only emerge in existing nation states?
because it needs a past to refer back to.
what do con nat think are threats to the nation?
socialism- based on internationalism.
immigration and multiculturalism.
core beliefs of expansionist nationalists?
-often racialist and racist.
-built on racial, national and cultural superiority
-tend to use mythology of golden age to create national identity and unity.
-populists who oppose political establishments.
-see other nations and people as weak and inferior.
what is jingoism?
a mood of public enthusiasm and celebration provoked by military expansion or imperial conquest.
what does Maurra’s believe?
-expansionist nationalist.
-anti-democratic and supported hereditary monarchy.
-placed heavy stress on patriotism.
-reactionary who lamented a bygone French glory.
-saw french as superior people
-believed collective identity of the people more important force than any drive to individual liberty. individualism should be suppressed in favour of a collective national spirit.
why is this a “them” and “us” form of nationalism?
-divides world up into the in group and out group. nation draws together against a common foe. rejects equality between nations.
what is integral nationalism?
form of nationalism which emphasises the overriding importance of the nation.
core beliefs of ant and post colonial nationalism?
-independence language based on ideas of equal self-determination and right to join world of independent nation states.
-post independence often embraced socialism.
-national identity often cut across traditional ethic identity so pan-arabism and pan africa ideas sprung up
-associated with Gandhi and Garvey.
what did marcus Garvey believe?
-anti-colonialist.
-developed idea of black nationalism-force to unite all people of African origin.
-saw imperialism as main obstacle to black nationalism.
-major influence on American black consciousness of the 60’s
-saw ethiopia as the birthplace of all black people giving them a common identity.
what other form of nationalism was the anti-colonial part of this nationalism associated?
lib nationalism- use lib nat rhetoric in its call for self-determination. the aim is for these new nation-states to join the world of free, equal and independent nation states.
with which ideology did the post-colonial did it associate itself with?
socialism-
