Ideology Questions Flashcards
To what extent is nationalism United?
1- inclusive- Herder unique cultural identity of Volk experiences as a community bind you, taken away leads to natural unhappiness and immigration upsets organic unity.
2- self-determination- maurras after nations were independent and developed with strong military ethos next the nation was intrinsically linked to expansion and war some destined for subordination.
3- patriotism- extremity in jingoism.
More moderate for lib with Mazzini as he believes it is key for maintaining national identity.
To what extent do nationalists have a pessimistic view of human nature
1- cons + expansionist humans are irrational and security seeking- unable to forge relationships we those difference due to con belief of organicism no one individual and their fear in external factors like immigrants will disrupt unity. herder- believes nations hold unique cultural identity which is experiences bind you with community and can lead to organic upset to nation.
-2- expansionist belief in impact of foreign counties, belief that we aren’t rational or security seeking leads to view that some aren’t capable of self-determination leads chauvinism - Mauras some countries are made inferior.
-3- positive view libs- rational reasonable and progressive. Believe we can forge relations with others +rooted in aim rosseau belief of pop sovereignty due to consent is the foundation of lib thinking.
Is nationalism regressive?
1- political nationalism, looking forward into future rather than back to promote world of inter-dependent nation states. Lib- create new relations don’t want to look back on wars +reject idea- Rosseau all nations should be allowed to express free will and foundation of liberal thinking.
2-regressive through cultural, look back at glorified past- jingoism +con tradition unity herder- past language and volk tradition binds people.
3- regressive through cultural nationalism support of conflict which leads to war look back with imperialism +chauvinistic belief- mauras.
To what extent does nationalism divide rather than unite society?
1-Divide, expansionist believe nations are superior, imperialism, jingoism, chauvinism integral fosters absolute sense of commitment to nation patriotic fervour +ferments military mindset- Mauras
2- racialism, black nationalism progressive but led to exclude society Also just generally excludes every culture. Due to herder Volk
3- unified by lib nationalism Rosseau popular sovereignty foundation of liberal thinking
To what extent is self-determination?
1-lib Nat manzini, desire to see nations United and free from external domination, crucial to grow and develop identity
2- expansion imperialism allowed by nation due to integral nationalism, chauvinistic and imperalism,
3- cons less concerned with rights of others +cut down on foreign influence and keeping of a organic society and develop unity by patriotism
To what extent do nationalists agree on core ideas and principles of the state?
- nationalists argue that state is built around a cohesive group but the extent of the group differs- conserves - herder volk no outside immigration and libs allow it and post-colonial Garveys belief in Africa.
2- whilst some do some are expansionist, interval nationalism jingoism-maurras so some can be oppressed and state can be used for freedom
3-some base appeal on inclusive basis, libs, some base on inclusive largely expansionist and con use it in an oppressive way,
To what extent is liberalism more concerned with society than the economy?
1- can be seen to be disagreed between classic and modern but overall they agree that the state is more important. The disagreement can be seen over CL belief gov intervention is unnecessary since it should be limited and individual liberty safe guarded John locke So individuals can make own economic decisions belief of no intervention Allows more freedom as liberals believe we are rational.
2- whilst modern liberals can be seen to be concerned with the economy it is clear they have a higher concern for the impact of the free market on certain sections of society. And then argue for state intervention to promote social justice and equality of opportunity, supported by John Rawls who argued for an enabling state which allowed poor people to realise full potential instead of being repressed by an unjust economy.
3-all liberals in society cherish equality of opportunity, although displayed differently clearly value societal needs over economy. Because of meritocracy all liberals believe there will be a rich poor division. Since all individuals have an equal chance of rising and falling there will be economic differs in how hard people work Betty Friedan equality of opportunity. Using the economy to better society. Modern liberals promote equality of opportunity by using taxes and help poor people live up to potential.
To what extent do modern liberals accept the ideas of classic liberals?
1-differ on role of state CL believe in minimal role of state and is underpinned by their core assumption that one person is always liberty of one is in danger of becoming a license to abuse another due to their belief that humans are naturally self-seeking. Our liberty requires that other members are restrained to an extent. This is protected by a sovereign state. Locke social contract theory establish a sovereign gov if not orderly life is impossible-‘human life would be nasty brutish and short’. Overall considered a necessary evil as it infringes slightly of freedom to ensure liberty, so believe in a minimal state to stop freedom infringed even more. Locke night watchman state
ML believe it a more enabling state and social welfare and defend it on a basis of equality of opportunity who are disadvantaged by their circumstances. Highlighted by Rawls by development of defence of redistribution and welfare based on idea of equality of fairness.
2- disagree about their need for intervention in the economy and differ on economy. Market operates according to the wishes and decisions of free individuals, due to them having freedom of choice relationships within market are contractual by self-interest which balances out. Free market and laissez faire. ML abandonment of laissez faire due to increasing complexity. Keynes ideals gov at unemployment should inflate governments supported by Rawls belief in state intervention.
3- largely disagree over the freedom within society ML is positive freedom, pursuit of profit given rise to poverty and Injustice. Believed in altruism and positive freedom just gave freedom of choice not equality of choice and freedom allows the ability to develop and attain individuality and achieve fulfilment and potential. Whereas CL believe that negative freedom allows full freedom and avoids interference from the state
3- differ on role in
To what extent is there more to unite than divide new right from on nation cons?
-one nation conservatives hold an organic view of society help to explain the emphasis which conservative thinkers have placed on tradition and hierarchy believes it gives a sense of identity. And provides people social cohesion by giving them a collective sense of who they are This is highlighted by Burke and his belief of society as a partnership of ‘those who are living those who are dead and those who are to be born’ contrasts to new right who favour a more individualistic view of society, collectivism restricts individual initiative and saps self respect, faith is placed in the individual and be encouraged to make rational choices rand free market
2- one nations values are based on imperfect view of human nature, security seeking irrational drawn to known and familiar so believe w drawn to society and enrich their ideas in tradition, authority and economic intervention compared to new right who have a more rational idea of human nature and ayn rand through economic free markets and laissez faire economy
- differ on role of state with one nation willing to invene - oakeshott prevent the bad rather than create the good’ compared to the new right who argue for no or little intervention in a free market for the state.
To what extent are conservatives United in their view of society?
-trad and one nation disagree over the new right about society, trad have an organic view of a needed society as we can’t exist out of one social conversation and is organic and thus place tradition Burke- emphasis for tradition and experience which an organic society brings little platoons Whereas new right believes individuals are free in society and develop as desired due to our rationality.
-traditional and new right disagree over the role the past plays believe it allows us to be security seeking individuals explained by organicism as believe it generates a sense of identity which are familiar and secondly provides belonging and provides wisdom of the past and tried and tested whereas neo-liberals don’t believe in tradition and establish libertarian views rather than parteralistic seen through Ann rand atomism
To what extent do liberals agree over the role of the state?
-United by belief in the necessity of the state, conflicts between individuals. Locke developed a social contract theory in which state is needed to maintain orderly life and is considered a necessary evil upon which it infringes on freedom for th greater good and so imply a minimal state and both United in worry of a powerful state agree that power corrupts therefore favour separation of power.
-however are still divided on the role of the state intervening classic liberals emphasis little state intervention to maintain freedom Mary Wollstonecraft believe that restraining female individualism societies were limiting their intelligence, modern liberals favour more intervention from the state, and positive freedom to allow those poorer to develop equal chance of opportunity this is seen by Rawls that foundational equality believed by CL is not enough to secure just society and equality. But could be provided by an enabling state.
-modern libs Keynes and CL lassiez faire. Linked to emergence of capitalism, allowed ML to see that the self-regulated market was largely inadequate and can insure high employment and sustains growth., classic night watch man state
