nationalism Flashcards
1
Q
nationalism
A
- Hastings argues that nationalism is the reaction of a nation under threat and can therefore be found in antiquity.
- Others refer to a number of additional criteria. Not only must there be clear territorial boundaries, but there must be common administrative and legal proceedings as well as a mass culture of shared values and beliefs. This required instruments of modernity like the printing press to facilitate cultural capitalism.
2
Q
theory of nationalism
A
- Gellner argues that it was linked to urbanisation and industrialisation. It was job competition in Vienna which hardened national divisions between Hungarians, Italians and Serbs. This gave nationalism an economic origin. nationalism arose because industrial societies need homogenous, language based high cultures in order to work efficiently (unlike pre-modern, agrarian ones).
- Some argue it is defined against others and therefore external conditions, such as war and competition could heighten nationalist sentiment.
3
Q
state led invented traditions
A
- state created many public ceremonies , such as Bastille Day (1880) which served to annually assert France as the nation of 1789. mass production of patriotic movements (Marianne as a symbol of the republic and the bearded civilian to represent notables).
- in Prussia, William II became the focus of the country’s invented traditions; the state wanted to establish a sense of continuity between the first and second German empires. Bismarck devised a tri colour combining the Prussians black white with the nationalist/liberal black, red and gold. There were no less than 10 ceremonies between August 1895 and March 1896 recalling the 25 anniversaries of the Franco-Prussian war. ceremony where boys marched into the school yard singing the wacht am rhein. Emphasised how Arminius defeated the Romans at the Teutoberg Forest
- In Italy, remains of Roman architecture, such as the Magna Crecia served as a reminder of the country’s former supremacy. Italy was quintessentially urban.
- In Britain, monarchies linked state traditions to the crown (e.g. the jubilee of ceremonial anniversaries). In France, it went from king of France to king of the French in order to establish a direct relation to one’s subjects.
4
Q
nationalism from social elites and the bourgeoisie
A
- The proliferation of newspapers increased. In 1800, there were only 150 distinct titles in print throughout Britain but by the start of the 20th century, newspapers were cheap commodities (approximately 2500 separate titles).
- 90% less force was now required but for more than double the area of printing.
- Enrico Corradini, a wealthy journalist for the Gazetta, wanted ‘to restore to Italy the consciousness of a great nation’, pioneering the nationalist agenda through textual mediums and contributing to the first nationalist congress in Florence
- 1840 Britain and France almost ½ population illiterate, in Russia almost 98%
- Infrastructure, especially the building of new roads and railways, allowed rural parts of the state access to common national market. Eg. Germany railway network >3x bigger 1870 – 1910
5
Q
how did women contribute to nationalism
A
- The German Colonial society became concerned by the disproportion of men and women in the colonies as intermarriage was conjuring an image of an inferior mixed race. The German Colonial Women’s association was set up to encourage women to move to the colonies.
- It combined adventure and heroism with traditional notions of domesticity.
- Yet, moving to the colonies was expensive and therefore it tended to be elite women, or the wives of men involved in the colonial bureaucracy.
- during the German wars against Napoleon in Germany in 1813-14, a number of ‘Patriotic associations’ were created. In 1866, consolidated under the Prussian Queen and by 1871, the societies were reorganised in loose affiliation with the International Red Cross as the League of German Patriotic Women’s societies.
- Tennis became characteristically middle class for bourgeoisie women. Wimbledon was started in 1877
6
Q
how did the proletariat contribute to nationalism
A
- May Day, originated from industrial demands for a reduction in the working day.
- the 1848 French revolution led to popular representation, a common legal system and an emphasis on primary education. By 1880, France was offering a free, compulsory primary education, thus bringing people together who may not have otherwise met. The extension of the vote drew politics away from the state and to the nation. Even if some groups were still not included, they were aware of politics in a way which they had not previously been.
- In Britain, 2741 boys in 1860 now 4553 in 1906 and different schools for the elites. Old boy networks and the practice of sending one’s son to the same school as their father became common.
- The proletarian cults also adopted sport. Between the 1870s and 1880s, football professionalised, the league and the cup emerged. The regular attendance at the Saturday match and their ritual rivalry between different regions (e.g. Manchester City and united). Football operated on a local and national scale providing common ground for conversation.
- Welsh rugby as distinct from English soccer and Gaelic football in Ireland. These were in more local spheres of leisure.
7
Q
is naitonlaism a mdoern phenomenon?
A
- In a nation, members are citizens of a national state. Egypt lacked legal rights common to all of its members. There was only mass participation in the corvee and army. But it did have a strong territorial attachment.
- ultimately suggests that nationalism requires democracy. This suggests that people cannot feel nationalism unless they participate in political life. In Asia, it is less about mass participation and more about common culture. The emphasis is on shared memories, myths and symbols.
- Shared sense of what makes your nation different from another. Some sense of blood (born into it) and this requires a certain scientific element, a sense of hereditary. A sense of space, history and shared culture. People had worse communication outside of their immediate surroundings.
In Israel, the Judaites were attached to the central land of Eretz-Israel which they claimed to have fixed boundaries. After the reforms of Ezra and Nehemiah they became committed to the worship of Yawhweh and the observance of his laws. - Hobsbawn argues that there was a stage of proto nationalism whereby there were certain feelings of collective belonging which already existed, and which could operate on a macro-political scale. Where this existed, the task of nationalism was easier.
- There were ethnosymbolic antecedents (Smith argues that nationalism is rooted in pre-modern ethnicity). Breuilly argues that this is incorrect as it is the legal, political and economic identity that was vital to the formation of modern national identities.
8
Q
regionalism in Britain
A
- Ireland had its own parliament from the late middle ages to 1800. It had a common language and its own culture. Following failure to remove British control during the civil war, a separate identity started to emerge.
- This eventually spurred nationalist claims. They pioneered home rule as seen by the Young Irelanders of the 1840s and the Fenian brothers of the 1880s. They celebrate Irish language, literature, music and sport.
- There attempts, however did lead to the partition of Ireland with six northern counties remained under British dominion and part of the UK.
- after the creation of Great Britain, Scotland retained distinctive legal, educational and religious institutions This ran counter to nationalism as popular literature and nationalist press from Scottish cities like Edinburgh during the 1850s raised questions about their relationship with London. The Scottish Home Rule Association came to fruition during the 1890s.
9
Q
reiognalism in Germany
A
- In Germany, federalism allowed diversity and a richness to German cultural life. It was this which convinced Germany of their national superiority and bound the nation together.
- Municipalities were allowed to retain autonomy despite administration in the Prussian heartland. Decisions made here were not imposed in the provinces of the Rhineland and Westphalia.
- In 1871 Southern German states admitted to a united Germany. Many of southern states remained semi-autonomous with separate postal services, railways. Many states retained their monarchs eg. Ludwig of Bavaria
- Westfalen had been a bishopric but lost its independence under Napoleon and this had led to resentment as they couldn’t perform their social and ecclesiastical duties. The legacy of this meant that in 1866, Germany tried to maintain more regional autonomy. The memory of this regionalism created a sense of uniqueness and independence.
10
Q
Regionalism in France
A
- founded on political principals as opposed to territorial and religionist opposition. The republicans only obtained a majority at all levels in 1879 and after this launched a series of reforms to prevent another movement of restoration.
- the free education system of 1881-2
- the country had been broken up into 83 departments but there was still talk of France’s ancient provinces (e.g. Brittany and Picardie). By 1850, half of the population still spoke regional dialects.
- The emergence of the Occitant party and French regionalism. In 1899, the Ligue Occitane sent a survey to 200 presidents de conseil general. The demands were an elaboration of those made by the Ecole of maurras in 1896 on the issue of regional education. They wanted regional dialect to be used in the teaching of French, as well as a regional focus for history and geography. This undermined nationalist propaganda and sentiment.
11
Q
what does Gellner argue about imperialism
A
- Gellner argues that in a national unit people share the same system of ideas, signs, associations, recognise each other as belonging to the same nation – both cultural and voluntarily to belong to a state.
- So, diaspora communities, ethnic minorities etc. should not be included in territorial mass
12
Q
was imperialism an extension of nationalism?
A
- –The German colonial society became concerned by the disproportionation of men and women in the colonies as it was leading to inter-marriage, diluting national values overtime. They strengthened their German-ness by emphasising the ethnical and biological differences of colonial society. The German Womens Association was therefore set up to encourage women to move to the colonies.
- – A central idea of the nation state was that it existed in competition with other nation states and this gave nationalism an international dimension and encouraged states to preside over a policy of imperial expansion in order to prove the superiority of their nation. Initially nationalism had led to well defined ethnic and cultural political units. Overtime they developed an expansionist tendency to create a homogeneous environment.
- many would reconstruct European cities. Bombay had a railway system. In Saigon, the French constructed an opulent baroque-style city hall in line with one in Paris as well as infrastructure resembling Casablanca in Morocco.
- Lord Macaulay headed the Committee of Public Instruction in Bengal from 1834, introduced English educational system to try and create new class of more English Indians.
- The passport system was extended. Indian merchants overseas became subjects of British India and this complicated the definition of nationality.
- – persistent frustration of imperialist objectives tended to reinforce nationalism, could result in it being aggressive and expansionist
- Many European states became locked in competition, the most notable being the Scramble for Africa( is this the expansion of state or nation)
- Failures of imperialism were frequently explained as a result of national degeneration and crisis, often blames on the ‘enemies within’ such as Jews, Catholics, socialists as scapegoats
- Fashoda threatened to undermine standing of French army but nationalists took opportunity to reflect blame elsewhere, on the enemies within - Case of Jewish army captain reopened, convicted of selling military secrets
- By isolating minorities, they could strengthen the ideal national identity.
13
Q
why was imperialism not an extension of nationalism?
A
- Invasion of Italy by France 1859 provoked fears of napoleon crossing the Rhine + promoted mobilisation of 250,000 men under authority of the Diet, outburst of patriotic feeling and calling for unification in Germany. This could unite the former principalities under one nation, strengthening them in the face of an external enemy.
- Russian loss during the Crimean War created radical nationalism.
- It led to the integration of markets, improvements to transport, increased migration and communication over a much wider area.
14
Q
how did nationalism cause war?
A
-They monopolised markets overseas and imposed foreign superstructures in the colonies. This created significant conflict. For example, the Opium Wars
Cause – a core tenant of the nation state was that it operated in a system of other nation states and this encouraged competition between them.
-Scramble for Africa - For example, the Comite de L’Afrique Francsaise helped to organise Crampel’s unofficial mission to Lake Chad as recent agreements between England and Germany threatened French desires to create a north-west African empire.
-the British and the French came to an agreement over Siam. This meant that the French and British troops assumed control of the east and west of the region, respectively whilst ensuring that the Menam valley remained neutral.
- Failures of imperialism were frequently explained as a result of national degeneration and crisis, often blames on the ‘enemies within’ such as Jews, Catholics, socialists as scapegoats. (Fashoda)
-The Prussian victory of the Austro-Prussian War in 1866 allowed him to create the North German confederation which excluded Austria from the affairs and was a step towards unifying the German nation.
-Some historians argue that Bismarck deliberately provoked a French attack to draw the southern German states—Baden, Württemberg, Bavaria, and Hesse-Darmstadt—into an alliance with the North German Confederation dominated by Prussia.
15
Q
how does war lead to nationalism?
A
-Invasion of Italy by France 1859 provoked fears of napoleon crossing the Rhine + promoted mobilisation of 250,000 men under authority of the Diet, outburst of patriotic feeling and calling for unification in Germany.
-1864 Prussia went to war with Denmark over Schleswig. France supported Denmark’s cause of national determination. Britain were fearful of French aggression so did not cooperate, allowed Prussia + Austria to overwhelm Danish forces. This gave them a heightened sense of self-worth as a nation and encouraged nationalist sentiment to spread.
-German unification was won through two wars, which were fought to define the borders and character of Germany. in order to have the nation, many believed that the needed to define what was not German. Some leaders embraced racist views and anti-Semitism grew. Minorities were seen as a danger to the nation
Italy
- The unification of Italy following wars with the Habsburgs (Add More detail)
- women patriotic associations.
