industrialisation and demographic changes Flashcards
1
Q
industrialisation
A
- the economic, social, political and other changed which occurred as Europe ceased to be an agrarian economy based on the primary sectors.
- economic activity is not longer governed by customary practices but by economic transactions which started to reflect the operation of impersonal, competitive markets.
- three elements - urbanisation, the relation to the employer and technological developments.
2
Q
geography influence on industrialisation
A
- Britain had large coal reserves meaning that by the Great Exhibition of 1851, Britain was producing 2/3 of world coal.
- Britain had good internal waterways. Much of the yearn used in Nottinghamshire lace was produced in Manchester Mills.
- sheep for wool - Africa
- Britain is an island and therefore can commit to sea expansion. Lower risk of land invasion (France and 7-years-war) Netherlands had access to ports but shallow and therefore light goods like spices.
- The Ruhr Valley in Western Germany became populated by iron and steel producing firms and cities such as Duisburg and Essen grew
- Belgium was close to Britain’s channel ports and one of the first to receive its railway investment. It had lots of iron and coal and access to a wide European market.
3
Q
imperialism and industrialisation
A
- potato more productive than wheat. It diversified diets and was interesting captivating people’s attention.
- Britain sent 20 times the number of people to the NW than France. Release valve and subsidiary market basis for market economy.
- In Saigon, the French constructed an opulent baroque-style city hall in line with one in Paris as well as infrastructure resembling Casablanca in Morocco. In order to operate effectively, good transport links needed to be developed to communicate with the metropolitan.
- cotton being passed through port cities such as Liverpool, Marseilles and Hamburg before being transformed into finished goods and then shipped back to the original market.
- Britain had the largest empire and therefore the most colonial cities. In 1800 Rangoon at 30,000 was the largest however by 1900 the smallest was Sydney at 200,000.
- Lyon got silk from the Middle East.
- In the 1870s and 80s, viceroy HongZhang attempted to modernise the south coast (funding arsenals and modern coal industries). Maritime customs collected by foreigners made it hard to raise tariffs. The treaty port system gave foreigners jurisdiction over ports.
4
Q
the state
A
- Prussia was one of the first states to develop a system of public education and was soon followed by countries like France and Sweden who attained literacy rates of 80% by the end of the 1800s
- Joseph Chamberlain, started a process of slum clearance in Birmingham whilst Baron Haussmann spearheaded the construction of a sewage system throughout Paris totalling some 348 miles by 1870.
- In Britain, there was less censorship by the church and state meaning that the institutions after the Glorious Revolution had greater freedom from monarchy. This allowed for wide exchange of technological ideas and the promotion of entrepreneurship. Flexible capital markets since the 1860s.
- there was the introduction of long-term borrowing schemes there was greater fiscal credibility it became the national debt not just the king’s debt to bolster credibility they government committed future tax revenue to servicing debt credible government debt formed the basis for the bank of England and the core of the London stock market financial revolution rates of English property rentals increased in the period after high interest rates could show it increased entrepreneurship and demand for investment. - In France, there was Developments centralised to Academy of Science – leading scientists checked work and published descriptions, bureaucratic nightmare, could take over century for publications to be released.
- Mexico developed a healthy textile industry by the 1850s. the state ideology was influenced by Britain’s free market ideology which discouraged intervention. The external tariff regimes were also not sympathetic.
5
Q
banks and industrialisation
A
- Banks form consortia in order to raise enough capital. They provide capital and entrepreneurial guidance. They collected deposits and had unrivalled information to compare investment opportunities and provide long-term financial guidance.
- in Britain, banks played a smaller role local banks could provide short-term credit before the 1880s but after bank amalgamation occurred, general managers in London tried to stop this.
- By 1913 only 37% of price quoted on Stock Exchange were of domestic, non-governmental stock, governmental and overseas investment of greater appeal.
6
Q
persistence of regionalism and localism
A
- the average railway fright travel distance remained local. The London and North Western Railway which stretched from London to Carlisle recorded a figure of 34.1 miles average freight haul in 1900-1901.
- The rise of empire meant that railways became less important; longer distance trade was favoured.
- Railway ownership was divided between a multiplicity of independent companies usually operating in certain areas and creating freight policies which positively discriminated in favour of their region.
- not until after 1870 was third class accommodation to be found on the bulk of scheduled trains, for instance. Cheaper travel which was consonant with the average working man’s wages was thus a late development.
- Different countries could only embrace change once certain pre-conditions had been satisfied. For example, German unification was necessary.
7
Q
impact on arts and culture
A
- Emile Durkheim pondered the effects of alienating urban living on social solidarity
- In France, Britain and Germany, there was a new tendency to monitor the health of the urban population.
- Toulouse-Lautrec painted the erotic denizens of the city and Wagner modelled the dismal Nibelungen on the industrial skyline of London he saw in the 1840s.
- Charles Booth conducted a study of urban areas, they became a focus for research
8
Q
impacts on race and class conflict
A
- Industrial pollution, overcrowding and poor structural integrity created poor living conditions, The LE for professional in Berlin in 1855-69 was 54 versus 42 for an industrial worker.
- Animals were common by horse drawn carriage, 24,000 tonnes of horse droppings each year in London. In England, the urban death rate was 50% hugher than the rural one.
- There were rising concerns about crime. European colonial cities, like India, imprisoned a significant proportion of their youth. More rigorous urban policing methods were introduced in Britain and France in the 1840s, with a particular focus on slum area. in 1848 Britain, 20,000 were employed in London alone.
- Increased competition for jobs led to racial harassment. This led to the segregation of Jewish and black communities.
9
Q
impacts growth of revolutionary ideas
A
- growth of trade unions and National Union Movements arose in the 1850s in Britain. Some workers attacked the reliance on machinery in the name of older, more human traditional labour. Luddite protests of this sort in Britain were common from 1810-20.
- Organised socialism had more support in these areas. In elections for Reichstag in Germany in 1898, social democrats won 60% of the seats in Grobstade but 5% in rural areas.
- most strikes in French coal industries was because relatively well-off workers were trying to secure some of the benefits of rapid economic expansion. This coincided with the electoral rise of liberals, democrats and radicals suggesting that revolutions stemmed from class conflict.
- Tilak’s outbreak was because the British were supressing them. It was not because of a homogeneous class ideology. They were peasants in disguise and fragmented in status and origin. People were jostling for economic advantages not harbouring social revolution.
10
Q
impacts infrastructure and culture
A
- They became centres of leisure – the café being quintessential of this. The bistro in France was linked to the fast food kitchens organised for Russian troops occupying Paris in 1815.
- Women made great inroads in this type of culture. Harrods and Selfridges in London provided facilities specifically for women. Public space was segregated according to race and gender.
- Sport started to spread (e.g. wrestling and football). It represented a place for social and political discussion, an outlet through which common patterns of consumption were encouraged by advertisement and emulation.
- Grid like streets allowed authorities to maintain public order in an age of great street demonstrations. It did foster segregation, however.
- The governments were making symbolic gestures. St Petersburg in Russia became their sign of modernity whilst Moscow remained a religious centre. The US constructed skyscrapers in the 1890s.
11
Q
Britain industrialisation
A
- adopted free trade more openly than other countries. Britain abolished the Navigation Act in 1849 and this stimulated trade. The Cobden-Chevalier treaty of 1860 between Britain and France initiated free trade.
- Britain’s agricultural revolution was a model for change in other parts of Europe. The Norfolk system of farming which integrated arable cultivation and stock raising was imitated by Ireland, France and Northern Italy.
12
Q
Germany industrialisation
A
- Zollverein in 1833 which removed tolls between German principalities.
- The government protected industry. In 1879, protectionist tariffs were introduced. He invested into education, especially technical fields.
- The Ruhr and Saar regions had good access to coal and iron. The German steel federation was established in 1874. By 1914, Germany supplied 90% of the chemical trade. German pig iron production increased from 40,000 in 1825 to 250,000 tons in the 1850.
- Unlike in Britain where rivers flowed in all directions, in Germany they all flowed north and were more subject to flooding.
13
Q
industrious revolution
A
- There was a change in the mindset of the European people, and this encouraged industrialisation. The survival of household inventories forms Northern Europe and the growth of department stores such as Bon Marche in Paris and Harrods in London that there was an increased demand for consumer goods. -necessitated a higher income and therefore people became more inclined to work, increasing productivity.
- Led to a re-evaluation of bourgeoise behaviour. People stopped sneering at capitalist virtues and supported new inventions.
14
Q
statistics about demographic change
A
- In 1800 the population was 200 million compared to 450 million in 1914
- At the start of the century, only Paris and London had populations over 500,000 but by 1910 23 cities had a population of at least half a million.
15
Q
local migration
A
- This would occur from one parish to another as a result of marriage, for example. They retain the same local norms, jobs and ways of life.
- First, the migrations to the growing towns and cities of the industrial age were surprisingly local – for example, over half the movements within France were within the home département; but overtime more Poles came to the mining towns of the Ruhr Valley.
