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2.1 Control and Integrative Physiology > Natalie - Pituitary Gland > Flashcards

Natalie - Pituitary Gland Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two parts of the pituitary gland?

A

The anterior pituitary gland

The posterior pituitary gland

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2
Q

What is the anterior pituitary gland made up of?

A

Composed of winding cords of three types of epithelial cells flanked by vascular sinusoids

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3
Q

What are the three types of epithelial cells in the anterior pituitary cells

A

Acidophils

Basophils

Chromophobes

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4
Q

What are acidophils

A

These have cytoplasm that stains red or orange

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5
Q

What are basophils

A

Epithelium with cytoplasm that stains a bluish colour

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6
Q

What are chromophobes

A

Epithelium with cytoplasm that stains very poorly

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7
Q

What is the anterior lobe made of?
(3)

A

Pars tuberalis

Pars distalis

Pars intermedia

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8
Q

What is the official name for the posterior lobe?

A

Pars nervosa

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9
Q

What is the posterior lobe/pars nervosa responsible for?

A

Releases ADH and oxytocin

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10
Q

What is the pars intermedia of the anterior lobe responsible for?

A

Secreting MSH

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11
Q

What is the pars distalis of the anterior lobe responsible for?

A

Secretes other pituitary hormones

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12
Q

Why is the pars nervosa/posterior lobe pale staining?

A

It is nervous tissue

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13
Q

What do the acidophils contain?

A

They contain small protein hormones

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14
Q

What do protein hormones do?
(2)

A

Produce growth hormone

Produce prolactin

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15
Q

What do basophils contain?

A

Glycoprotein hormones

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16
Q

What do glycoprotein hormones do?
(3)

A

Produce thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Produce luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone

Produce adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)

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17
Q

What do chromophobes do?
(2)

A

These have minimal or no hormonal content

Many of the chromophobes may be degranulated acidophils or basophils

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18
Q

Write a note on the posterior pituitary
(4)

A

The bulk of the posterior is composed of largely unmyelinated axons

Contains:
- axons
- glial cells
- and other poorly-defined cells called pituicytes

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19
Q

What hormones do the neurons of the posterior adrenal gland secrete?
(2)

A

Oxytocin

Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)

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20
Q

List the contents of the posterior adrenal gland
(3)

A

Unmyelinated axons

Glial cells

Pituicytes

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21
Q

What is the pituitary gland also called?

A

Master gland

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22
Q

What controls the pituitary gland?

A

The hypothalamus

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23
Q

What are the hypothalmic hormones referred to as?

A

Releasing and inhibiting hormones

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24
Q

Why must we have robust control systems in the body?

A

To prevent over or under secretion of hypothalmic and anterior pituitary hormones

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25
What does the hypothalamus do to the pituitary gland?
Can switch on or off the pituitary gland
26
When is prolactin secreted?
In pregnancy or breast feeding
27
What control does the hypothalamus have over prolactin?
It keeps prolactin switched off other than in pregnancy/breast feeding
28
List all of the pituitary hormones (9)
Anterior: ACTH TSH GH PRL FSH LH MSH Posterior oxytocin ADH
29
What does ACTH stimulate
Adrenal cortex
30
What does Thyroid stimulating hormone stimulate?
Thyroid gland
31
What does Growth hormone stimulate
Can affect multiple tissues
32
What does prolactin (PRL) stimulate
Mammary glands
33
What does follicle stimulating hormone stimulate
Testes oor
34
What does follicle stimulating hormone stimulate
Testes or ovaries
35
What does Leutenising hormones do?
Stimulates the testes or ovaries
36
What does MSH stimulate
Melanocytes
37
What does Oxytocin stimualte
Uterine smooth muscle and mammary glands Smooth muscle in ductus deferens and prostate gland
38
What does Antidiuretic hormone stimulate?
Kidneys
39
What does ADH stimulate
Renin angiotensin aldosterone system
40
What does TSH trigger in the thyroid? (3)
Trigger the release of thyroid hormones: - Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) which promotes release of - Thyroid stimulating hormone
41
What does adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulate in the adrenal gland?
Stimulates release of glucocorticoids Corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) cause secretion of ACTH
42
What does follicle stimulating hormone stimulate?
Stimulates follicle development and oestrogen secretion in females
43
What hormone promotes release of thyroid stimulating hormone?
Thyrotropin releasing hormone
44
What hormone promotes the secretion of ACTH
Corticotrophin releasing hormone
45
What does luteinizing hormone do?
Causes ovulation in females Androgen production in males
46
What hormones promotes secretion of FSH and LH?
Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
47
What does prolactin do?
Stimulates development of mammary glands and milk production
48
What does growth hormone do?
Stimulates cell growth and replication
49
Describe the pathway of GnRH (3)
Regulatory hormone = GnRH from hypothalamus FSH and LH released from pituitary gland FSH and LH affect ovaries and testes
50
What affects does prolactin have on the immune function? (4)
The prolactin receptor is widely expressed by immune cells Some types of lymphocytes synthesize and secrete prolactin Prolactin may act as a modulator of immune activity Prolactin is also classed as a cytokine and is made by macrophages
51
Comment on the control of prolactin secretion (2)
Normally switched on -> suppressed by hypothalamus (opposite of all other pituitary hormones) Increased in some diseases (made by immune cells not pituitary)
52
Write about the growth hormone (3)
A protein hormone of about 190 amino acids Secreted by cells in the anterior pituitary A major participant in control of several complex physiologic processes, including growth and metabolism
53
Give an example of a cell with growth hormone receptors
Fat cells
54
What happens when GH bind to GH receptors on fat cells? (2)
GH leads to break down of triglyceride And prevent uptake of circulating lipids
55
What two conditions does a deficiency of growth hormone lead to?
Growth retardation Dwarfism
56
What is growth retardation?
Acquired disorder with a deficiency in growth hormone
57
What is dwarfism
Inherited disease with a deficiency in growth hormone before and after birth
58
How does excessive secretion of growth hormone affect people
The degree of the symptoms depends on the age of onset: either one of two diseases
59
What are the two conditions caused by excessive growth hormone
Giantism Acromegaly
60
What is giantism
Excessive growth hormone secretion in young children or adolescents
61
What is acromegaly
Excessive secretion of growth hormone in adults
62
What happens in acromegaly? (2)
Some have bone deposits in the face and hands Photographs are used to monitor changes in patients with this disease
63
Name two posterior pituitary hormone
Anti-diuretic hormone Oxytocin
64
What is another name for anti-diuretic hormone
Vasopressin
65
ADH affects what two systems
Kidney Vascular system
66
How does ADH effect kidney?
ADH promotes re-absorption of water back into the circulation
67
How does ADH effect the vascular system
Causes constriction of arterioles, which leads to increased arterial -> hence the name vasopressin
68
What two functions does oxytocin have? (2)
Stimulation of milk ejection from breast tissue Stimulation of uterine smooth muscle contraction at birth

2.1 Control and Integrative Physiology (21 decks)

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