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2.1 Control and Integrative Physiology > Natalie - Pituitary Gland > Flashcards

Natalie - Pituitary Gland Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two parts of the pituitary gland?

A

The anterior pituitary gland

The posterior pituitary gland

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2
Q

What is the anterior pituitary gland made up of?

A

Composed of winding cords of three types of epithelial cells flanked by vascular sinusoids

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3
Q

What are the three types of epithelial cells in the anterior pituitary cells

A

Acidophils

Basophils

Chromophobes

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4
Q

What are acidophils

A

These have cytoplasm that stains red or orange

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5
Q

What are basophils

A

Epithelium with cytoplasm that stains a bluish colour

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6
Q

What are chromophobes

A

Epithelium with cytoplasm that stains very poorly

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7
Q

What is the anterior lobe made of?
(3)

A

Pars tuberalis

Pars distalis

Pars intermedia

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8
Q

What is the official name for the posterior lobe?

A

Pars nervosa

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9
Q

What is the posterior lobe/pars nervosa responsible for?

A

Releases ADH and oxytocin

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10
Q

What is the pars intermedia of the anterior lobe responsible for?

A

Secreting MSH

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11
Q

What is the pars distalis of the anterior lobe responsible for?

A

Secretes other pituitary hormones

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12
Q

Why is the pars nervosa/posterior lobe pale staining?

A

It is nervous tissue

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13
Q

What do the acidophils contain?

A

They contain small protein hormones

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14
Q

What do protein hormones do?
(2)

A

Produce growth hormone

Produce prolactin

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15
Q

What do basophils contain?

A

Glycoprotein hormones

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16
Q

What do glycoprotein hormones do?
(3)

A

Produce thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Produce luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone

Produce adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)

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17
Q

What do chromophobes do?
(2)

A

These have minimal or no hormonal content

Many of the chromophobes may be degranulated acidophils or basophils

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18
Q

Write a note on the posterior pituitary
(4)

A

The bulk of the posterior is composed of largely unmyelinated axons

Contains:
- axons
- glial cells
- and other poorly-defined cells called pituicytes

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19
Q

What hormones do the neurons of the posterior adrenal gland secrete?
(2)

A

Oxytocin

Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)

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20
Q

List the contents of the posterior adrenal gland
(3)

A

Unmyelinated axons

Glial cells

Pituicytes

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21
Q

What is the pituitary gland also called?

A

Master gland

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22
Q

What controls the pituitary gland?

A

The hypothalamus

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23
Q

What are the hypothalmic hormones referred to as?

A

Releasing and inhibiting hormones

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24
Q

Why must we have robust control systems in the body?

A

To prevent over or under secretion of hypothalmic and anterior pituitary hormones

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25
Q

What does the hypothalamus do to the pituitary gland?

A

Can switch on or off the pituitary gland

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26
Q

When is prolactin secreted?

A

In pregnancy or breast feeding

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27
Q

What control does the hypothalamus have over prolactin?

A

It keeps prolactin switched off other than in pregnancy/breast feeding

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28
Q

List all of the pituitary hormones
(9)

A

Anterior:
ACTH
TSH
GH
PRL
FSH
LH
MSH

Posterior
oxytocin
ADH

29
Q

What does ACTH stimulate

A

Adrenal cortex

30
Q

What does Thyroid stimulating hormone stimulate?

A

Thyroid gland

31
Q

What does Growth hormone stimulate

A

Can affect multiple tissues

32
Q

What does prolactin (PRL) stimulate

A

Mammary glands

33
Q

What does follicle stimulating hormone stimulate

A

Testes oor

34
Q

What does follicle stimulating hormone stimulate

A

Testes or ovaries

35
Q

What does Leutenising hormones do?

A

Stimulates the testes or ovaries

36
Q

What does MSH stimulate

A

Melanocytes

37
Q

What does Oxytocin stimualte

A

Uterine smooth muscle and mammary glands

Smooth muscle in ductus deferens and prostate gland

38
Q

What does Antidiuretic hormone stimulate?

A

Kidneys

39
Q

What does ADH stimulate

A

Renin angiotensin aldosterone system

40
Q

What does TSH trigger in the thyroid?
(3)

A

Trigger the release of thyroid hormones:

  • Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) which promotes release of
  • Thyroid stimulating hormone
41
Q

What does adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulate in the adrenal gland?

A

Stimulates release of glucocorticoids

Corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) cause secretion of ACTH

42
Q

What does follicle stimulating hormone stimulate?

A

Stimulates follicle development and oestrogen secretion in females

43
Q

What hormone promotes release of thyroid stimulating hormone?

A

Thyrotropin releasing hormone

44
Q

What hormone promotes the secretion of ACTH

A

Corticotrophin releasing hormone

45
Q

What does luteinizing hormone do?

A

Causes ovulation in females

Androgen production in males

46
Q

What hormones promotes secretion of FSH and LH?

A

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

47
Q

What does prolactin do?

A

Stimulates development of mammary glands and milk production

48
Q

What does growth hormone do?

A

Stimulates cell growth and replication

49
Q

Describe the pathway of GnRH
(3)

A

Regulatory hormone = GnRH from hypothalamus

FSH and LH released from pituitary gland

FSH and LH affect ovaries and testes

50
Q

What affects does prolactin have on the immune function?
(4)

A

The prolactin receptor is widely expressed by immune cells

Some types of lymphocytes synthesize and secrete prolactin

Prolactin may act as a modulator of immune activity

Prolactin is also classed as a cytokine and is made by macrophages

51
Q

Comment on the control of prolactin secretion
(2)

A

Normally switched on -> suppressed by hypothalamus (opposite of all other pituitary hormones)

Increased in some diseases (made by immune cells not pituitary)

52
Q

Write about the growth hormone (3)

A

A protein hormone of about 190 amino acids

Secreted by cells in the anterior pituitary

A major participant in control of several complex physiologic processes, including growth and metabolism

53
Q

Give an example of a cell with growth hormone receptors

A

Fat cells

54
Q

What happens when GH bind to GH receptors on fat cells?
(2)

A

GH leads to break down of triglyceride

And prevent uptake of circulating lipids

55
Q

What two conditions does a deficiency of growth hormone lead to?

A

Growth retardation

Dwarfism

56
Q

What is growth retardation?

A

Acquired disorder with a deficiency in growth hormone

57
Q

What is dwarfism

A

Inherited disease with a deficiency in growth hormone before and after birth

58
Q

How does excessive secretion of growth hormone affect people

A

The degree of the symptoms depends on the age of onset: either one of two diseases

59
Q

What are the two conditions caused by excessive growth hormone

A

Giantism

Acromegaly

60
Q

What is giantism

A

Excessive growth hormone secretion in young children or adolescents

61
Q

What is acromegaly

A

Excessive secretion of growth hormone in adults

62
Q

What happens in acromegaly?
(2)

A

Some have bone deposits in the face and hands

Photographs are used to monitor changes in patients with this disease

63
Q

Name two posterior pituitary hormone

A

Anti-diuretic hormone

Oxytocin

64
Q

What is another name for anti-diuretic hormone

A

Vasopressin

65
Q

ADH affects what two systems

A

Kidney

Vascular system

66
Q

How does ADH effect kidney?

A

ADH promotes re-absorption of water back into the circulation

67
Q

How does ADH effect the vascular system

A

Causes constriction of arterioles, which leads to increased arterial -> hence the name vasopressin

68
Q

What two functions does oxytocin have?
(2)

A

Stimulation of milk ejection from breast tissue

Stimulation of uterine smooth muscle contraction at birth

2.1 Control and Integrative Physiology (21 decks)

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