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2.1 Control and Integrative Physiology > ANS - Sympathetic Division > Flashcards

ANS - Sympathetic Division Flashcards

1
Q

What does acetyl choline do?

A

Its a neurotransmitter

It’s the first neurotransmitter released at the synapse between the pre and post ganglionic axons in the ANS

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2
Q

From which vertebrae do the pregnanglionic neurons of the sympathetic division extend from the spinal cord?

A

From T1 to L2
Thoracic 1 to the 2 lumbar

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3
Q

How many nerves extend from the spinal cord at each vertebrae?

A

Two - a pair of nerves extends

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4
Q

Which are longer, pre or post ganglionic axons and why?

A

Post are longer - pre are really short because the ganglia (and therefore synapses) are located close to the spinal cord

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5
Q

What are sympathetic ganglia?

A

Ganglia in the sympathetic division of the ANS

The preganglionic nerves synapse with the postganglionic nerves here

Communication between nerve cells

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6
Q

How many types of ganglia are there in the sympathetic division?

A

Three

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7
Q

What are the three groups of ganglia in the sympathetic division?

A

Sympathetic chain ganglia

Collateral ganglia

The adrenal medulla

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8
Q

Which affect is more widespread, the sympathetic or parasympathetic?

A

The sympathetic

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9
Q

How much divergence is there in the sympathetic division?

A

1 preganglionic neuron to 24 postganglionic neurons

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10
Q

List the sympathetic targets
(5)

A

Visceral effectors in the head e.g. eyes and mouth, the thoracic cavity e.g. heart + lungs, and the abdominopelvic cavity (GIT, renal and reproductive systems)

Body wall (sweat glands, skin haor muscle, blood vessels, adipose tissue

Limbs (blood flow to smooth muscle of blood vessels)

Adrenal glands (release hormones)

Adipose tissue

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11
Q

When does increased sympathetic response occur?
(6)

A

Stress
Anxiety
Physical activity
Fear
Excitement
Use of metabolic resources

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12
Q

The sympathetic response targets the visceral effectors located where?
(3)

A

In the head e.g. eyes and mouth,

The thoracic cavity e.g. heart + lungs

The abdominopelvic cavity (GIT, renal and reproductive systems)

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13
Q

What parts of the body wall are sympathetic targets?
(4)

A

Sweat glands

Skin hair muscle

Blood vessels

Adipose tissue

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14
Q

What happens when the sympathetic system targets a gland?

A

It releases a hormone

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15
Q

Write a note on the adrenal glands
(2)

A

Located above each kidney

Divided into two regions (cortex and medulla)

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16
Q

Write a note on the adrenal medulla
(3)

A

Preganglionic axons end on the neuroendocrine cells

These cells secrete adrenaline and noradrenaline hormones into the blood stream

In the blood the hormones are distributed and have widespread responses that are long lasting

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17
Q

What are the American names for adrenaline and noradrenaline?

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

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18
Q

What do the hormones of the sympathetic system do to their target cells?

A

They cause changes in the metabolic activity of many different cells through the body

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19
Q

How does the nervous and hormonal aspects of the sympathetic NS work together?

A

The hormonal release will prolong and extend the nervous response

20
Q

Where are the nerve cell bodies found?

A

The lateral horn of the grey matter of the spinal ccord

21
Q

Where do axons of the preganglionic nerve emerge from?

A

Spinal segments

22
Q

Where do the nerves synapse with the postganglionic nerve?

A

Within the ganglion

23
Q

What controls the activation of the sympathetic division?

A

The hypothalamus

24
Q

What affect does sympathetic response have on the heart?
(3)

A

Increase heart rate

Increased force of contraction of the heart

Increased dilation of the coronary arteries

25
Q

What affect does sympathetic response have on the blood vessels?

A

Constriction of blood vessels to some regions of the body

Dilation of blood vessels to other regions of the body

26
Q

What affect does sympathetic response have on the skin?
(2)

A

Increase or decrease blood flow to skin

Sweating or activation of adipose tissue

27
Q

What affect does sympathetic response have on the respiratory tract?
(3)

A

Dilation of the respiratory tract

Increased respiratory rate

Increased depth of respiration

28
Q

What affect does sympathetic response have on the GIT?

A

Decreased GIT (motility and secretions)

Decreased renal function (filtration)

29
Q

What neurotransmitter is present at the ganglion?

A

Acetyl choline

30
Q

What neurotransmitters/hormones are released at the target cell?
(3)

A

Noradrenaline

Acetyl choline

Nitrous Oxide

31
Q

What are the two types of responses that can occur in the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Excitatory response

Inhibitory response

32
Q

What type of response always follows the release of acetyl choline at the autonomic ganglion?

A

An excitatory response

33
Q

What are the receptors on the target organs called?
(3)

A

They are ‘G’ proteins, which are subdivided into:
- Adrenergic receptors = alpha, beta
- Cholinergic receptors

34
Q

What do adrenergic receptors react with?

A

Adrenaline and noradrenaline

35
Q

What do cholinergic receptors react with?

A

Acetyl choline

36
Q

Write a note on adrenergic receptors
(2)

A

Two types:
alpha-adrenergic and beta-adrenergic

Adrenaline will cause vasoconstriction of blood vessels in some organs and vasodilation in others

37
Q

Write a note on alpha-adrenergic receptors
(3)

A

They are found in the skin and kidneys

Reacts with noradrenaline

Two types:
-a1
-a2

38
Q

Wite a note on a1 receptors
(4)

A

Reacts with noradrenaline

Cause the release of Ca++ in some tissues

Result in vasoconstriction of blood vessels

Results in constriction (closure) of sphincters of the GIT

39
Q

Write a note on a2 receptors
(3)

A

Reacts with noradrenaline

Cause the raising or lowering of cAMP

This lowers the activity of intracellular enzymes in some tissues (cardiac)

40
Q

Write a note on B receptors
(3)

A

React with adrenaline and noradrenaline

They result in stimulation of metabolic activity in target tissues by raising cAMP levels

Three types:
-B1
-B2
-B3

41
Q

Write a note on B1 receptors
(2)

A

They are found on skeletal and cardiac muscle cells

Stimulation results in increased metabolic activity (including hr and force of contraction)

42
Q

Write a note on B2 receptors

A

They are found on the smooth muscle of the airways which facilitates respiration

43
Q

Write a note on B3 receptors
(2)

A

They are found on adipose tissue

Activation results in lipolysis

44
Q

Beta receptors raise cAMP levels, what is cAMP?
(3)

A

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate

A derivative of ATP

Used for intracellular transduction

45
Q

Write a note on cholinergic receptors

A

Two types:
- ach muscarinic receptors
- nitroxidergic receptors

46
Q

What are muscarinic receptors?
(2)

A

React with acetyl choline

They result in powerful stimulation of sweat glands and dilation of skin blood vessels

47
Q

What are nitroxidergic receptors?
(3)

A

React with nitric oxide

Receptors found in blood vessels of skeletal muscle and the brain

Associated with vasodilation

2.1 Control and Integrative Physiology (21 decks)

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