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2.1 Control and Integrative Physiology > Mairead - Parasympathetic Division > Flashcards

Mairead - Parasympathetic Division Flashcards

1
Q

Where are the ganglia found in the parasympathetic division?

A

The ganglia are close to or in the wall of its effector organs

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2
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the preganglionic nerves located?
(2)

A

In the brainstem nuclei

In the lateral horns of the sacral region (S2-S4) of the spinal cord

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3
Q

What are the brainstem nuclei?
(3)

A

Nuclei = collection of nerve cell bodies found in the CNS

Brainstem = central trunk of the brain, consisting of the medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain, continuing downwards to form a spinal cord

=> brainstem nuclei = preganglion nerve cell bodies in the brainstem of the CNS

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4
Q

The brainstem nuclei have fibres, these run in association with what four cranial nerves?

A

III

VII

IX

X

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5
Q

What is cranial nerve III called?

A

Oculomotor nerve

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6
Q

What is cranial nerve VII called?

A

Facial nerve VII

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7
Q

What is cranial nerve IX called?

A

Glossopharyngeal IX

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8
Q

What is the cranial nerve X called?

A

Vagus nerve (X)

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9
Q

The parasympathetic fibres that run in association with the cranial nerves III, VII and IX are responsible for controlling what visceral structures?
(5)

A

Intrinsic eye muscle

Nasal glands

Tear glands

Salivary glands

Parotid glands

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10
Q

What do the parasympathetic fibres of the vagus cranial nerve do?
(3)

A

They provide innervation to structure in the neck, thorax and abdomen

The ganglia are located in the walls of these organs

This amounts to 75% of parasympathetic innervation

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11
Q

Preganglionic fibres extend from what segments of the spinal cord?

A

They extend from the sacral region, from S2 to S4

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12
Q

What are the preganglionic fibres of the sacral region responsible for?
(3)

A

They form the pelvic nerves

These innervate the organs of the abdomen and the pelvis

Ganglia are located in the walls of these organs

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13
Q

How much divergence is there in the parasympathetic division?

A

Divergence is 1 to 6-8

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14
Q

Why is there less divergence in the parasympathetic division?
(3)

A

The preganglionic axons synapse in one ganglion only

The postganglionic axons generally innervate one target organ only

The parasympathetic response is more specific and localised

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15
Q

What is the parasympathetic neurotransmitter?

A

Its always acetyl choline

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16
Q

What is always the response at the ganglia?

A

Excitatory

17
Q

What are the two responses at the target organs?

A

Excitatory

Inhibitory

18
Q

What are the two types of parasympathetic receptors?

A

Nicotinic

Muscarinic

19
Q

What are nicotinic receptors?
(3)

A

Type of cholinergic receptor - acetylcholine

Receptors are found in the ganglia and in the neuromuscular junctions

Always excitatory

20
Q

What are muscarinic receptors?
(3)

A

Type of cholinergic receptor

‘G’ proteins which when stimulated cause the activation or inhibition of specific enzymes

The effect of activation is longer lasting and either inhibitory or excitatory

21
Q

What are the five types of muscarinic receptors?

A

M1
M2
M3
M4
M5

22
Q

Which muscarinic receptors are excitatory?

A

M1
M3

23
Q

What does M1 control?

A

Salivary and gastric acid secretion

24
Q

What does M3 control?

A

Gland secretion
Smooth muscle

25
Q

What muscarinic receptor is inhibitory?

A

M2

26
Q

What does M2 do?

A

Slows heart rate -> control of cardiac nodal cells

27
Q

What is the main difference between nicotinic receptors and muscarinic receptors?

A

Nicotinic are fast and ionotropic

Muscarinic are slow and metabotropic

28
Q

What hormones are involved in the parasympathetic division?

A

None

29
Q

List some body functions/organs the parasympathetic division controls
(8)

A

Constriction of the pupil

Secretion of digestive hormones from digestive glands, increased motility of the gut

Stimulation of defecation

Contraction of the bladder

Relaxation of the sphincters

Constriction of the airways

Slows the heart rate -> decreases force of contraction

Sexual arousal

30
Q

Write a note on sympathetic drugs

A

Sympathomimetic drugs can be taken orally and have long lastnig effects
- e.g. eye drops or inhalers

alpha or beta blockers -> important in treatment of high blood pressure

31
Q

Write a note on parasympathetic drugs

A

Parasympathomimetic - Increase gut motility

Parasympathetic blockers control cramps and diarrhoea

2.1 Control and Integrative Physiology (21 decks)

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