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2.1 Control and Integrative Physiology > Natalie - Control of Breathing > Flashcards

Natalie - Control of Breathing Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two aspects of respiratory control

A

Involuntary

Voluntary

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2
Q

Which control is used most of the time

A

Involuntary control used most often

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3
Q

Why is involuntary control used most open

A

Its most efficient way to breath

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4
Q

In general what happens when we exert conscious control

A

Breathing changes

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5
Q

What three things does voluntary control of respiratory rate depend on?

A

Conscious and unconscious thought

Emotional state

Anticipation

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6
Q

How does conscious and unconscious thought affect respiratory rate?
(2)

A

e.g. rage or fear

Affect respiratory rate by stimulating centres in the hypothalamus

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7
Q

How can emotional state affect respiratory rate

A

Depression can slow down RR

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8
Q

How can anticipation affect RR?

A

If anticipating strenuous exercise

This can cause automatic increase in RR, along with increased cardiac output by sympathetic stimulation

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9
Q

How much control do you have over voluntary breathing

A

Breathing cannot be consciously suppressed

Can only hold your breath until you lose consciousness then brain takes over

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10
Q

What are the central controllers of the brain

A

Pons

Medulla

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11
Q

Explain the pathway of control
(3)

A

Information from various sensors is fed to the central controller

The output of which goes to the respiratory muscles

By changing ventilation, the respiratory muscles reduce negative feedback of the sensors

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12
Q

What are the five receptors of the lung?

A

Chemoreceptors

Baroreceptors

Stretch receptors

Sensations

Physical or chemical stimuli

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13
Q

What are chemoreceptors

A

Receptors sensitive to the PCO2, pH or PO2 of the blood or cerebro-spinal fluid

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14
Q

What are baroreceptors

A

Receptors that detect changes in blood pressure in aortic or carotid sinuses

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15
Q

What are stretch receptors

A

Receptors that respond to changes in the volume of the lungs and prevent overstretch

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16
Q

How do sensations act as sensors

A

Sensations of pain, changes in body temperature or abnormal gut sensations

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17
Q

How do physical or chemical stimuli act as sensors

A

Physical or chemical stimuli in the nasal cavity, larynx or bronchial tree

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18
Q

What does the medulla oblongata do?

A

Sets pace of breathing

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19
Q

What centres are found in the medulla oblongata?

A

Respiratory rhythmicity centers

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20
Q

What does the pons do?

A

Controls breathing pattern (inhalation and exhalation)

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21
Q

What centres are found in the pons?

A

Apneustic and pneumotaxic centers

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22
Q

What happens in the apneustic centers
(4)

A

Breathing where long inspirations are interrupted by occasional expirations = snoring sound

Not normally used

Should be switched off

We are not sure why these exist

23
Q

What happens in the pneumotaxic centre?

A

Breathing pattern shows a normal balance between inspiration and expiration

24
Q

What are the effectors of respiration

A

Respiratory muscles

25
Q

The inspiratory centres of the brain are influenced by input from where?

A

The nerves and receptors that monitor the composition of the CSF

26
Q

What does stimulation of the chemoreceptors lead to?
(2)

A

Increase in depth

Increase in rate of breathing

27
Q

How does oxygen chemoreceptors work?

A

Oxygen:
- monitored by carotid and aortic bodies
- Arterial PO2 must be < 60 mmHg to activate chemoreceptors
- Haemoglobin saturation still 90% at 60mmHg of O2
- Normally it is 100 mmHg and 97% saturated

28
Q

Why does oxygen concentrations not control breathing?

A

Because it takes large drop in oxygen levels to cause a dramatic change in breathing

29
Q

Why is carbon dioxide the main regulator?

A

CO2 diffuses 20x faster than oxygen

30
Q

What happens if input from pons is disrupted?

A

Breathing becomes irregular

31
Q

What are found in apneustic and pneumotaxic centres?

A

Paired nuclei that adjust the output of the respiratory rhythmicity centres

32
Q

Why are pneumotaxic centres most important

A

Their activities regulate the respiratory rate and depth of breathing in response to input from other centres in the brain

33
Q

Where is concentrations of CO2 monitored

A

Monitored by receptors in the medulla oblongata = respiratory rhythmicity centres

34
Q

What can the centres of the medulla oblongata be divided into?

A

Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

Ventral respiratory group (VRG)

35
Q

When does DRG function

A

Functions in every respiratory cycle whether quiet or forced breathing

36
Q

When does VRG function

A

VRG only functions during forced breathing

37
Q

What happens in quiet breathing
(6)

A

Inspiration occurs

Dorsal respiratory group inhibited

Inspiratory muscles relax

Passive expiration occurs

Dorsal respiratory group active

Inspiratory muscles contract

38
Q

What happens in forced breathing?
(9)

A

Inspiration occurs

  • Dorsal respiratory group and inspiratory center of VRG inhibited.
    -Expiratory center of VRG active.

-Inspiratory muscles relax
-Expiratory muscles contract

Active expiration occurs

-Expiratory center of VRG inhibited
-DRG and inspiratory center of VRG active

Inspiratory muscles contract
Expiratory muscles relax

39
Q

How do lungs help regulate pH

A

Through carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system

40
Q

How do kidneys help regulate pH

A

Through renal compensation

41
Q

How do the lungs regulate pH?

A

Changing respiratory rates changes partial pressure of CO2

42
Q

When do respiratory acid base disorders result

A

Result when abnormal respiratory function causes rise or fall in CO2 in ECF

  • acidosis
  • alkalosis
43
Q

What are metabolic acid-base disorders

A

Generation of organic or fixed acids

Anything affecting concentration of bicarbonate ions in ECF

44
Q

What is hypercapnia

A

High carbon dioxide

45
Q

What does hypercapnia cause?

A

Respiratory acidosis

46
Q

What does hypocapnia do?

A

Respiratory alkalosis

47
Q

When does respiratory acidosis occur?

A

When the lungs cannot remove all of the carbon dioxide produced by the body

Body fluids become excessively acidic

48
Q

What disease cause acidosis

A

A consequence of any lung disease that prevents removal of carbon dioxide

49
Q

What are the symptoms of respiratory acidosis?
(4)

A

Shortness of breath

Easy fatigue

Chronic cough

Wheezing

50
Q

What causes respiratory alkalosis

A

Any lung disease that leads to shortness of breath may result in respiratory alkalosis

51
Q

What is respiratory alkalosis

A

The pH is high and carbon dioxide levels are low

52
Q

What are the symptoms of respiratory alkalosis

A

Light-headedness

Dizziness

Numbness of the hands and feet

53
Q

What are some treatments for alkalosis

A

Breathing into a paper bag (re-breathing of carbon dioxide)

2.1 Control and Integrative Physiology (21 decks)

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